The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VIII. Natural Enemies of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stultz
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Orchard Pests

The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), has a long history as a pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, serious damage by it being reported as early as 1891 (Fletcher, 1892). Its status has fluctuated considerably, the most notable outbreak reaching its peak in 1927. This outbreak occurred when dusts were being used for the control of orchard pests, and (Kelsall 1932) was one of the two main reasons for abandoning the general use of dusts after 1927. The bud moth declined rapidly after 1927 and by 1931 was rated a minor pest (Gilliatt, 1932a). After flutuating at relatively low levels for seven years, it increased in importance and by 1942 was again a major pest. From 1942 to 1952, there was little change in its general status although large fluctuations in population were observed in orchards in which certain insecticides had been used (Stultz, 1950). During 1953, there was a marked decline in the average population level although reductions did not occur in all orchards.

Effects of Increasing the Nitrogen Level of Apple Leaves on Mite and Predator Populations

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 924-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord ◽  
D. K. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Population Balance ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Predacious Species

Prior to 1950 the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch, was a major pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, and brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., was practically non-existent. Lord (1949), showed that the sulphur fungicides, commonly in use up to that time, were detrimental to some of the predacious species and toxic to the brown mite. After 1950 red mite populations became negligible and, although the brown mites increased, they did not become sufficiently abundant to cause economic damage. This shift of population balance in Nova kotia orchards has been attributed to the gradual replacement of sulphur and other detrimental materials by pesticides less harmful to predators of the mites (Pickett 1953).

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VII. Effects on Some Beneficial Arthropods

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee ◽  
K. H. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Arthropod Pests

The toxicities of a large number of spray chemicals to arthropod pests are well known. In most instances, observations on the effects of such materials on natural enemies have beeen incidental to other studies, and little has been published on experiments designed to determine the direct toxicities of the chemicals to beneficial species. The effects of spray chemicals on the predators and parasites of the major pests of apple trees in Nova Scotia have been investigated as part of a broader project on the factors that influence population densities of orchard arthropods, as outlined by Pickett et al. (31).

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. IV. A Review

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Pickett ◽  
N. A. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Orchard Pests ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

Studies on the ecology of the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia were initiated in 1943, to determine the long-term influence of spray chemicals on the populations of apple-infesting insects. At that time it was felt that the indiscriminate use of spray chemicals in the control of orchard pests was sometimes creating worse problems than those corrected–and was threatening the economy of apple production; and that there was an urgent need to determine, if possible, how to harmonize biological and chemical control. A more comprehensive discussion on the biological and philosophical concepts on which the studies were based may be found elsewhere (Pickett et al., 1946; Pickett, 1949a; 1949b).

Note on Population Densities of Spiders (Araneae) in Nova Scotia Apple Orchards

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Dondale
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
A Minor

Chant (1956) has shown that spiders are common predators in apple orchards in southeast England. Dondale (1956) listed the species of spiders found in Nova Scotia orchards. This is a note on population densities in the latter orchards from 1953 to 1956.The sampling device used in this study was a cloth-covered, yard-square tray (Lord, 1956), supplemented in a minor way by a collecting umbrella. Each tray or umbrella collection represented the spiders jarred from the lower branches of a single tree, or from the lower branches of half of each of two trees.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIII. Effects of Perthane on Predators

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 928-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
Apple Pests

In Nova Scotia, a spray program that integrates chemical and natural control of apple pests has been evolved which is both economical and satisfactory. Among the natural enemies of injurious arthropods that have been favoured by this program are a number of general predators. Further investigation of the ecological principles on which integration is based requires a more intensive knowledge of the factors that influence the densities of these predators. Because of the difficulties of investigating these factors in the orchard, methods of simplifying the predator-prey systems have been sought (Lord, 1956, 1962). These attempts assessed the effects of low dosages of DDT on the interrelationships of phytophagous mites and their natural enemies.

scholarly journals Insect fauna of pests and their natural enemies inhabiting sorghum-panicles in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam M. K. H. El-Gepaly
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Cryptoblabes Gnidiella ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Major Pest

AbstractSorghum panicles offer a very rich microenvironment for many insect pest species and their natural enemies. Thirty arthropod species belonging to 28 families, pertaining to 9 orders were obtained from sorghum panicles planted in Sohag Governorate, Egypt, during the 3 successive seasons of 2016–2018. Out of these species were 14 pests, 16 predators, and 3 parasitoids. Lepidopteran and hemipteran pests were the most dominant species-infested sorghum-panicles during the mature stages of the panicles. Three microlepidopteran pests, the noctuid, Eublemma (Autoba) gayneri (Roth.); the pyralid, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière, and the cosmopterigid, Pyroderces simplex Walsingham, were recorded as major pest species infesting sorghum panicles in Sohag Governorate. The dipteran parasitoid species, Nemorilla floralis (Fallen) (Tachinidae) emerged from the pupae of the E. gayneri and C. gnidiella, while the hymenopteran parasitoid, Brachymeria aegyptiaca (Chalcididae) was obtained from the pupae of all the studied microlepidopteran pests. Spiders, coccinellids, and Orius spp. were the dominant predators collected form panicles. Post-harvest, larvae, and pupae of lepidopteran pests, especially P. simplex recorded (147, 96, and 79 larvae) and (47, 30, and 73 pupae)/10 panicles in 2016, 2017, and 2018 seasons, respectively.

scholarly journals Intercropping Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) with Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum) Reduces Major Pest Population Densities without Impacting Natural Enemy Populations

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Xiao-wei Li ◽  
Xin-xin Lu ◽  
Zhi-jun Zhang ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Jin-ming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Population Suppression

Intercropping of aromatic plants provides an environmentally benign route to reducing pest damage in agroecosystems. However, the effect of intercropping on natural enemies, another element which may be vital to the success of an integrated pest management approach, varies in different intercropping systems. Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), has been reported to be repellent to many insect species. In this study, the impact of sweet pepper/rosemary intercropping on pest population suppression was evaluated under greenhouse conditions and the effect of rosemary intercropping on natural enemy population dynamics was investigated. The results showed that intercropping rosemary with sweet pepper significantly reduced the population densities of three major pest species on sweet pepper, Frankliniella intonsa, Myzus persicae, and Bemisia tabaci, but did not affect the population densities of their natural enemies, the predatory bug, Orius sauteri, or parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. Significant pest population suppression with no adverse effect on released natural enemy populations in the sweet pepper/rosemary intercropping system suggests this could be an approach for integrated pest management of greenhouse-cultivated sweet pepper. Our results highlight the potential of the integration of alternative pest control strategies to optimize sustainable pest control.

SOME PREDATORS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PARATETRANYCHUS PILOSUS C. & F., IN NOVA SCOTIA

1935 ◽  
Vol 13d (2) ◽  
pp. 19-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Gilliatt
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci

Predators are the most important natural enemies of the European red mite. Notes are given on the life history and habits of the following predaceous enemies of this mite, Seiulus pomi Parrott; Diaphnidia pellucida Uhl.; Diaphnidia capitata Van D.; Hyaliodes vitripennis Say; Stethorus punctum Leconte; Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl.; Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhl.; Anystis agilis Banks; Campylomma verbasci Mey., and an unidentified species of Syrphidae.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) from Northern Iran and comparison with other countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shayanmehr ◽  
E. Yoosefi-Lafooraki
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Chilo Suppressalis ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
High Gene ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Low Levels

Rice striped stem borer, <em>Chilo suppressalis</em> Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is considered the major pest of rice in Iran. Because of the serious damage on rice in Northern Iran, the present study was conducted to investigate genetic diversity within populations of <em>C. suppressalis</em>, from Mazandaran using a template of cytochrome oxidase I gene, 750 bps, (<em>COI</em>). Later the haplotypes from Iran were compared with those found in other countries. According to the results of this study, there is very low genetic diversity (two haplotypes) among different populations of this pest in populations of Northern Iran. The genetic similarity and low levels of genetic diversity of these populations suggest that the pest colonization occurred relatively recently and there is high gene flow between these populations of the province. In addition, haplotypes of Mazandaran province are different with those found in other countries. The similarity of Iranian population (Simorgh) with one population from China indicated that China might be the origin of <em>C. suppresalis</em>.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Flower and Grass Strips for Augmentation of Beneficial Arthropods in Apple Orchards

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoke Dong ◽  
Mengjing Xia ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Baofeng Mu ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Prey ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Arthropod Predators

Sowing plants that provide food resources in orchards is a potential habitat management practice for enhancing biological control. Flowering plants (providing pollen and nectar) and grasses (providing alternative prey) can benefit natural enemies in orchards; however, little is known about their relative importance. We studied the effect of management practices (flower strips, grass strips, and spontaneous grass) on arthropod predators under organic apple management regimes in apple orchards in Beijing, China. Orchards located at two different sites were assessed for 3 years (2017–2019). The cover crops had a significant impact on the abundance and diversity of arthropod predators. The grass treatment consistently supported significantly greater densities of alternative prey resources for predators, and predators were more abundant in the grass than in the other treatments. The Shannon–Wiener diversity was significantly higher for the cover crop treatment than for the control. Community structure was somewhat similar between the grass and control, but it differed between the flower treatment and grass/control. Weak evidence for an increase in mobile predators (ladybirds and lacewings) in the orchard canopy was found. Ladybirds and lacewings were more abundant in the grass treatment than in the other treatments in 2019 only, while the aphid abundance in the grass treatment was lowest. The fact that grass strips promoted higher predator abundance and stronger aphid suppression in comparison to the flower strips suggests that providing alternative prey for predators has great biocontrol service potential. The selection of cover crops and necessary management for conserving natural enemies in orchards are discussed in this paper.

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