Life History and Sex Determination in the Diaspine Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) (Coccoidea)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Bennett ◽  
Spencer W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Chromosome Behaviour ◽  
Control Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona

The increasing body of knowledge about the armored scales is beginning to reveal manv unique aspects in the life cycles of these highly specialized insects. Such information is not only of value to the entomologist and those concerned with the control of scales but is also becoming important in such diverse fields as genetics, ecology, cytology, and physiology; armored scales may well find an expanding place in the laboratory as subjects for researches in a variety of fields. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) has one of the most unusual, yet to date one of the best understood life cycles of the armored scales. Various aspects of its biology have been described by Berlese (1910), Smit (1953), Dustan (1953), and Monti (1955). Accounts of its natural enemies or biological control programs have been given by Berlese (1910) for Italy, by Ogilvie (1928) and Simmonds (1955) for Bermuda, by Bennett (1956) for Trinidad, and Clausen (1956) for Florida. P. pentagona is a pest of economic importance on a wide variety of hosts throughout an extekive geographic distribution (Anon., 1956), and has been cultured extensively in the biological control laboratory for the mass-rearing of scale parasites and predators. Recent investirzations of the sex determining mechanik and chromosome behaviour (Brown and Bennett, 1957) have arain shown unusual processes and relationships, some of which appear to occur in many other species of armored scales. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the life cycle of P. pentagona as it is known from field and laboratory studies and from cytological and genetic investigations.

Mass Rearing Bemisia Parasitoids for Support of Classical and Augmentative Biological Control Programs

2014 ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Goolsby ◽  
Matthew A. Ciomperlik ◽  
Gregory S. Simmons ◽  
Charles J. Pickett ◽  
Juli A. Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Augmentative Biological Control ◽  
Control Programs

scholarly journals Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A Review of the Use of Parasitoids and Predators

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Flávio R. M. Garcia ◽  
Sérgio M. Ovruski ◽  
Lorena Suárez ◽  
Jorge Cancino ◽  
Oscar E. Liburd
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.

Laboratory Studies on the Food of Some Coccinellids (Coleoptera) Found in Ontario Peach Orchards

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 572-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. L. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Present Account ◽  
Stethorus Punctillum

Food habits and occurrence of the commoner species of coccinellids in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, are being investigated in connection with a study of the effects of pesticides on biological control agencies. Results of a study of Stethorus punctillum Weise have already been published (Putman, 1955). The present account deals with laboratory tests of feeding, mostly during June and July from 1952 to 1955, with prey of special economic importance in peach orchards.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature and superparasitism on quality and characteristics of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) during mass rearing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Cheng Zhou ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Li ◽  
Quan-Quan Liu ◽  
Su-Fang Ning ◽  
Wu-Nan Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Trichogramma Dendrolimi ◽  
Host Behaviour

AbstractThelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma spp. are widely used egg parasitoids against lepidopteran pests in biological control programs. Wolbachia may manipulate host wasps for superparasitism and is sensitive to temperature. To explore effects of temperature and superparasitism, we compared fitness parameters and Wolbachia-mediated phenotype of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma dendrolimi between those emerging from superparasitised or single-parasitised hosts at 17, 21, 25, or 29 °C. Infected mothers of T. dendrolimi showed reduced superparasitism and parasitism increased with temperature. Wolbachia titre decreased with temperature when females emerged from singly-parasitised hosts, but there was no correlation in superparasitised hosts. Females showed higher Wolbachia titres at 21, 25, or 29 °C when developing from superparasitised hosts. The daily male ratio of offspring increased with temperature, and the day-age threshold for 5%, 50%, or 95% daily male ratio decreased with temperature in both parasitism forms. Females that emerged from superparasitised hosts had a shorter life span and reduced fecundity. These results indicate that Wolbachia may affect host behaviour by increasing superparasitism to enhance its spread, but this has negative effects on thelytokous Wolbachia-infected T. dendrolimi.

Biological Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 463-484
Author(s):  
Lian-Sheng Zang ◽  
Su Wang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Nicolas Desneux
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Augmentative Release ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Rearing Methods

Trichogramma species make up one of the most commonly used groups of natural enemies for biological control programs worldwide. Given the major successes in using Trichogramma to control economically important lepidopterous pests on agricultural crops in China, the biology and ecology of these wasps have been intensively studied to identify traits that contribute to successful biological control. Since the 1960s, improved mass production of Trichogramma and better augmentative release methods to suppress agricultural pests have been achieved. We review the history of research and development; current knowledge on biodiversity and bio-ecology of the species used; and achievements in mass-rearing methods, release strategies, and current large-scale applications in China. In addition, we discuss potential issues and challenges for Trichogramma research and applications in the future .

SOME ASPECTS OF ASSESSING EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL ENEMIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Huffaker ◽  
C. E. Kennett
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Competitive Interference ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Modelling Methods

AbstractDrawing retrospectively and collectively on results of a single individual and his associates covering some 22 years of field and laboratory studies, the authors present three documented case histories of technically complete biological control. They use these examples to illustrate the potential for greater use of this method of pest control, and they discuss the theory of biological control as related to whether or not introductions of a complex of enemy species will inherently lead to competitive interference and a lesser degree of control than if only the "best" species were introduced. They conclude that the three case histories are a refutation of this thesis, as are certain theoretical considerations, and the net results from all biological control programs on a worldwide basis.The authors also point to weaknesses in the use of currently available methods for quantitatively rating or appraising the control and regulating power of density-dependent factors that act with a lag (entomophagous parasites and predators), and emphasize chat regression and modelling methods should be used in conjunction with "check-methods" or other experimental means.

scholarly journals Aspects of the biology of Cotesia alius (Muesebeck, 1958) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) on Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (84) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldo Salgado-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The State ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

The species Cotesia alius (Muesebeck, 1958) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is a larvae parasitoid of Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel (1904) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Hymenopteran parasitoids larvae and pupae are recorded acting as defoliators of palm. Concerning the scientific and economic importance of these interespecific relationship, and aiming to increase the knowledge to natural and conservative biological control, the present study records in the State of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, some data on the biology of this C. alius as larval parasitoid of O. invirae amplificatus Stichel (1904). Based on 35 postures were recorded 4581 cocoons. On 16 postures (48%) observed all cocoons were open and empty, indicating that all parasitoids emerged (Normal). In the 19 remaining postures (52%) (Altered), 134 cocoons (6%) were closed with C. alius intacts in six postures (40%) (Intacts) or remains (fragments) (44%), and in Eulophidae intact within three postures (16%). These data can be used in mass rearing of parasitoids, and biological control of defoliator’s palm.

scholarly journals Integrative taxonomy and phylogeography of Telenomus remus (Scelionidae), with the first record of natural parasitism of Spodoptera spp. in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana P. G. S. Wengrat ◽  
Aloisio Coelho Junior ◽  
Jose R. P. Parra ◽  
Tamara A. Takahashi ◽  
Luis A. Foerster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
First Record ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Telenomus Remus ◽  
Natural Parasitism

AbstractThe egg parasitoid Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) has been investigated for classical and applied biological control of noctuid pests, especially Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) species. Although T. remus was introduced into Brazil over three decades ago for classical biological control of S. frugiperda, this wasp has not been recorded as established in corn or soybean crops. We used an integrative approach to identify T. remus, combining a taxonomic key based on the male genitalia with DNA barcoding, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene fragment. This is the first report of natural parasitism of T. remus on S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides eggs at two locations in Brazil. We also confirmed that the T. remus lineage in Brazil derives from a strain in Venezuela (originally from Papua New Guinea and introduced into the Americas, Africa, and Asia). The occurrence of T. remus parasitizing S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides eggs in field conditions, not associated with inundative releases, suggests that the species has managed to establish itself in the field in Brazil. This opens possibilities for future biological control programs, since T. remus shows good potential for mass rearing and egg parasitism of important agricultural pests such as Spodoptera species.

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