Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A Review of the Use of Parasitoids and Predators

Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.

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Report of A Larval Parasitoid of Tuta Absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Iran

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/jppr-2014-0046 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 306-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fariba Sohrabi ◽

Hossein Lotfalizadeh ◽

Hoda Salehipour

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Tuta Absoluta ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Tomato Leafminer ◽

Control Programs ◽

Larval Parasitoid ◽

The Family ◽

Introduced Pest ◽

First Time

Abstract The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most devastating pests of greenhouse and outdoor tomato crops. Since it is a newly introduced pest in Iran, there is an important need to search for its natural enemies. In the course of a survey on the natural enemies of this pest, samplings were carried out in tomato greenhouses heavily infested with the tomato leafminer, in the Borazjan region of the Bushehr province in Iran. Leaves with mines were reared in the laboratory until emergence of parasitoids. A single parasitoid species of the family Eulophidae was reared and identified as Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood 1833). This species is reported for the first time on the tomato leafminer in Iran. Such information may help in developing biological control programs to control this serious pest.

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Newly imported larval parasitoids pose minimal competitive risk to extant egg–larval parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1079/ber2002181 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 92 (5) ◽

pp. 423-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

X.G. Wang ◽

R.H. Messing

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Classical Biological Control ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Fopius Arisanus ◽

Larval Parasitoids ◽

Larval Parasitoid ◽

Fruit Fly Parasitoids ◽

Psyttalia Concolor ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractCompetitive displacement of fruit fly parasitoids has been a serious issue in the history of fruit fly biological control in Hawaii. This concern regarding competitive risk of new parasitoids has led to an overall tightening of regulations against the use of classical biological control to manage fruit flies. Fopius arisanus (Sonan), an egg–larval parasitoid, is the most effective natural enemy of tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii. This study evaluated the competitive risk of two recently introduced larval parasitoids, Diachasmimorpha kraussii Fullaway and Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti), to F. arisanus attacking the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Fopius arisanus won almost all intrinsic competitions against both larval parasitoids through physiological suppression of egg development. 83.3% of D. kraussii eggs and 80.2% of P. concolor eggs were killed within three days in the presence of F. arisanus larvae within the bodies of multi-parasitized hosts. The mechanism that F. arisanus employs to eliminate both larval parasitoids is similar to that it uses against three other early established larval fruit fly parasitoids: F. vandenboschi (Fullaway), D. longicaudata (Ashmead) and D. tryoni (Cameron). It suggests that introduction of these larval parasitoids poses minimal competitive risk to F. arisanus in Hawaii.

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Native parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Serra da Bodoquena National Park-MS, Brazil

Biota Neotropica ◽

10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0776 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Luciano Brasil Martins de Almeida ◽

João Batista Coelho ◽

Jorge Anderson Guimarães ◽

Manoel Araecio Uchoa

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Phytophagous Insects ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Native Parasitoids ◽

Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽

First Time

Abstract: Fruit flies are among the main groups of phytophagous insects. Their larvae, when feeding on the pulp or seeds of the host fruits, can cause rot and favor the entrance of pathogens. Thus, the objectives of this study was: (1) To know the trophic associations between species of parasitoids and fruit flies in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena (PNSB)-MS, Brazil. (2) To inventory the parasitoid species associated with fruit flies in fruit trees in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena. Monthly expeditions were carried out (From Jan 2017 to Feb 2018) in order to collect the fruits and obtain the fruit flies (Tephritidae) and their respective parasitoids. The collected fruits were transported to the laboratory of frugivorous insects (LIF) of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD)-MS. The fruit fly larvae were daily collected and placed in transparent acrylic cups containing sterilized sand, where they remained till the emergence of adults and their parasitoids. Twenty-Three adult Tephritid parasitoids were recovered, represented by two species of Braconidae: Doryctobracon areolatus (18) and Utetes anastrephae (5), both infesting Anastrepha species: Anastrepha fraterculus, A. sororcula and A. striata in Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava and Eugenia myrcianthes. Doryctobracon areolatus and Utetes anastrephae are reported for the first time parasiting Anastrepha species in Eugenia myrcianthes.

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Host Suitability Index for Polyphagous Tephritid Fruit Flies

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toab035 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter A Follett ◽

Fay E M Haynes ◽

Bernard C Dominiak

Keyword(s):

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Production ◽

General Purpose ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Host Suitability ◽

Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽

Infestation Rate ◽

Suitability Index ◽

Host Status ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are major economic pests for fruit production and are an impediment to international trade. Different host fruits are known to vary in their suitability for fruit flies to complete their life cycle. Currently, international regulatory standards that define the likely legal host status for tephritid fruit flies categorize fruits as a natural host, a conditional host, or a nonhost. For those fruits that are natural or conditional hosts, infestation rate can vary as a spectrum ranging from highly attractive fruits supporting large numbers of fruit flies to very poor hosts supporting low numbers. Here, we propose a Host Suitability Index (HSI), which divides the host status of natural and conditional hosts into five categories based on the log infestation rate (number of flies per kilogram of fruit) ranging from very poor (<0.1), poor (0.1–1.0), moderately good (1.0–10.0), good (10–100), and very good (>100). Infestation rates may be determined by field sampling or cage infestation studies. We illustrate the concept of this index using 21 papers that examine the host status of fruits in five species of polyphagous fruit flies in the Pacific region: Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This general-purpose index may be useful in developing systems approaches that rely on poor host status, for determining surveillance and detection protocols for potential incursions, and to guide the appropriate regulatory response during fruit fly outbreaks.

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Establishing criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks

CABI Agriculture and Bioscience ◽

10.1186/s43170-021-00043-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael D. Ormsby

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

International Standards ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Export Restriction ◽

Fly Control ◽

Financial Impacts ◽

Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractTephritid fruit flies (Diptera; Tephritidae) represent a group of insects that include some of the most economically important pests in horticulture. Because of their economic importance, the financial impacts of an incursion of tephritid fruit flies into a new area can often result in restrictions to trade. The economic impacts of any trade restrictions imposed by importing countries are confounded by the current absence of consistent and accepted criteria for the strength and extent of any trade restrictions and declaring the end of an incursion. The author has developed models that can be used to establish criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks as outlined in international standards. A model enables criteria on when to recognise an incursion has occurred and establish export restrictions. Another model determines what area or radius an export restriction zone (ERZ) should cover. And a third model establishes criteria for the conditions required to enable an ERZ to be rescinded and the area’s pest free status reinstated. The models rely primarily on fruit fly biology and the effectiveness of surveillance trapping systems. The adoption of these proposed criteria internationally for establishing a control system and responding to fruit fly outbreaks would provide considerable economic benefits to international trade. Additionally, these criteria would enable countries to make more informed cost–benefit decisions on the level of investment in fruit fly control systems that better reflects the economic risks fruit flies represent to their economy.

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Diversity and seasonality of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) in orchards of guava, loquat and peach

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842009000100004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 31-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

MF. Souza-Filho ◽

A. Raga ◽

JA. Azevedo-Filho ◽

PC. Strikis ◽

JA. Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Seasonal Behavior ◽

Leptopilina Boulardi ◽

Torula Yeast ◽

Tephritid Species

This work was carried out in orchards of guava progenies, and loquat and peach cultivars, in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil, in 2002 and 2003. Guavas and loquats were bagged and unbagged bi-weekly and weekly, respectively, for assessment of the infestation period. Peach was only bagged weekly. The assays started when the fruits were at the beginning of development, but still green. Ripe fruits were taken to the laboratory and placed individually into plastic cups. McPhail plastic traps containing torula yeast were hung from January 2002 to January 2004 to assess the fruit fly population in each orchard, but only the Ceratitis capitata population is here discussed. Five tephritid species were reared from the fruits: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, and C. capitata, in addition to six lonchaeid species: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4, and Neosilba sp. 10 (both species are in the process of being described by P. C. Strikis), as well as some unidentified Neosilba species. Ten parasitoid species were obtained from fruit fly puparia, of which five were braconids: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and five figitids: Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut), and Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata showed a seasonal behavior with population density peaking at the second semester of each year. Anastrepha and Neosilba species remained in the orchards throughout both years.

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Parasitism Capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Lep.: Gelechiidae)

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132008000600021 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1249-1254 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dirceu Pratissoli ◽

José Cola Zanuncio ◽

Ulysses Rodrigues Vianna ◽

Josimar Souza Andrade ◽

Fernando Domingo Zinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Sitotroga Cerealella ◽

Alternative Host ◽

Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Control Programs ◽

Total Parasitism

The objective of this work was to evaluate the parasitism capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and T. acacioi Brun, Moraes and Soares (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of the alternative host Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) aiming to use both species in biological control programs of Nipteria panacea Tierry-Mieg (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The parasitism rhythm and total parasitism of these parasitoid species were affected by the temperature with higher values during the first 24 h of their life. Parasitism period was longer for T. pretiosum and T. acacioi at the lowest temperature.

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Biological control of fruit flies: bibliometric analysis on the main biocontrol agents

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11245 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. e22510111245

Author(s):

Angélica da Silva Salustino ◽

Wilma Freitas Celedônio ◽

Manoel Cícero de Oliveira Filho ◽

Demichaelmax Sales de Melo ◽

Josué José da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Bibliometric Analysis ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Biological Agents ◽

Scientific Field ◽

Publication Language ◽

The Web

The Tephritidae family has many fruit fly species responsible for causing direct and indirect damage to economically important fruit trees worldwide. Biological control has been sought as a method for the management of these insects, mainly because it does not cause adverse damage to the environment. Thus, this review sought information on what is currently being published in the scientific field about the main biological agents that are used to control fruit flies. The information was obtained through surveys between the months of June and August 2020, in bases such as the Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Springer, and Scielo. The inclusion of the articles followed criteria such as publication language English, Portuguese and Spanish, available in full, from categories A1 to B1, related to the biological agents used in the control of fruit flies and published in the last five years. A total of 2,362 studies were found, of which 105 articles were selected for this review. Regarding the years of publication, only 27% of the studies correspond to references from the years 2019 and 2020, with a greater number of research on parasitoids and developed in the laboratory. The largest concentration of research was in countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Spain.

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MOSCAS-DAS-FRUTAS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), SUAS PLANTAS HOSPEDEIRAS E PARASITOIDES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) NO NORTE DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO, BRASIL

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v7i5.7461 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 513

Author(s):

Michele Emily Souza da Silva ◽

Michel Ariquenes Wochner ◽

Maria do Socorro Miranda de Sousa ◽

Marliton Rocha Barreto ◽

Ricardo Adaime da Silva

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Northern Region ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Northern State ◽

First Time ◽

Plastic Containers

As moscas-das-frutas estão presentes em todas as regiões do Brasil e são responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas em pomares comerciais. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar a riqueza de espécies de moscas-das-frutas, suas respectivas plantas hospedeiras e seus parasitoides em municípios da região norte de Mato Grosso. Foram realizadas coletas de frutos de 34 espécies vegetais, de julho de 2016 a novembro de 2017. Os frutos coletados foram acondicionados em recipientes plásticos para observar a emergência das moscas-das-frutas e parasitoides. Foram obtidos 2.709 espécimes de moscas-das-frutas (cinco espécies) e 179 espécimes de parasitoides (três espécies). Este trabalho apresenta os primeiros registros de hospedeiros de moscas-das-frutas para o Mato Grosso. Adicionalmente, os parasitoides Utetes anastrephae Viereck e Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck) são relatados pela primeira vez no Estado.Palavras-chave: Anastrepha; Ceratitis capitata; Relação tritrófica; Amazônia Meridional. FRUIT FLIES, THEIR HOST PLANTS AND PARASITOIDS IN THE NORTHERN STATE OF MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL ABSTRACT: Fruit flies are present in all regions of Brazil and are responsible for large economic losses in commercial orchards. This work aimed to determine the richness of fruit fly species, their host plants and their parasitoids in municipalities in the northern region of Mato Grosso. We collected fruits from 34 plant species, from July 2016 to November 2017. The collected fruits were packed in plastic containers to observe the emergence of fruit flies and parasitoids. We obtained 2,709 specimens of fruit flies (five species) and 179 specimens of parasitoids (three species). This work presents the first records of hosts of fruit flies for Mato Grosso. In addition, the parasitoids Utetes anastrephae Viereck and Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck) are reported for the first time in the State.Keywords: Anastrepha; Ceratitis capitata; Tritrophic relationship; Southern Amazon.

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Faunistic analyses of fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in orchards surrounded by Atlantic Forest fragments in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná state, Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.178458 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 395-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. B. Monteiro ◽

J. A. S. Tomba ◽

G. Nishimura ◽

R. S. Monteiro ◽

E. Foelkel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Flies ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Peach Trees ◽

First Time

Abstract The objective of this trial was to characterize the assemblage structure of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) by determining the diversity and faunal indices. Fruit flies were collected for ten years between 2003 and 2015 in six municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná. The orchards were divided into three crop protection strategies: organic, conventional, and integrated pest management. The characteristic of each community was determined using the Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, and Pielou’s indexes. The frequency, constancy, and dominance indexes were also determined. Biological material was analyzed using the explanatory variables: site, crop, plant protection strategy, and susceptibility period. A total of 8,089 fruit flies were collected, of which 4,681 were females. The species Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene and A. pickeli Lima were recorded for the first time in Paraná State, the occurrence of three other species was recorded for the first time in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (A. montei Lima, A. obliqua Macquart, and A. sororcula Zucchi), in addition A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). A. fraterculus accounted for 98.5% of the collected species. Only A. fraterculus and A. sororcula were found in fruits. Fruit flies occurred predominantly in peach trees cultivated under organic conditions. The Shannon index indicated that the municipality of Cerro Azul had the highest diversity and richness whereas apple orchards had the lowest diversity. Crops cultivated under organic conditions exhibited the highest diversity whereas those cultivated under conventional conditions had the highest evenness index. The largest specimens number was collected during the period of crop susceptibility.

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