Some Effects of Host Age on Parasitism by Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Different Ages

AbstractMortality of immature Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) was least on young house fly pupae (less than 48 hours old, at 24.5 ± 0.5 °C.) and increased with increasing host age. Increased mortality on old hosts was manifested principally as a decrease in female adult progeny, numbers of adult males and of mature diapause larvae remaining approximately constant. Reduction in the percentage of females in the adult progeny reared on old hosts probably resulted from superparasitism. This kills more female than male larvae and occurred more commonly on old hosts, each of which provides a smaller quantity of suitable food for the immature parasites. Adults reared on old hosts were smaller and relatively fewer of them were able to emerge. The proportion of the total mature parasite progeny that remained in diapause was greater on old hosts, probably because of qualitative differences in the food provided by hosts of different ages.

Effect of Host Age on Rate of Development of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Development Period

AbstractDevelopment time for the parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) was shorter on young pupae (less than 48 hours old at 24.5 ± 0.5 °C) than on older pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. This was primarily because of intrinsic differences between young and old house-fly pupae as hosts. Though less important, two other conditions in young hosts favoured a shorter mean development period for N. vitripennis: first, the smaller proportion of very small parasites, which mature more slowly than the larger ones; and, second, the greater number of parasite larvae per host, which is associated with more rapid development in this species.

Effects of Superparasitism on Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Food Shortage ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Rate Of Development

AbstractSuperparasitism created a food shortage and thereby reduced survival and size of adult Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared on pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Superparasitism also reduced the percentage of females in the adult progeny but had no effect on rate of development, ability to emerge, or incidence of diapause in N. vitripennis.

CONTROL OF EGG FERTILIZATION BY NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WHEN LAYING ON PARASITIZED HOUSE FLY PUPAE

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
House Flies

AbstractFemales of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) lay a smaller percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs on house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae previously parasitized by their own species, by Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L., or by Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) than on unparasitized hosts. They respond to changes in the fly pupae associated with death, and in the case of house flies attacked by N. vitripennis, to "venoms" injected at that time or to changes unrelated to death. By not fertilizing eggs that they lay on attacked hosts, the females also conserve sperm, for immature N. vitripennis on previously-attacked fly pupae are usually killed by parasite larvae already present.

scholarly journals Genetic and epigenetic architecture of sex-biased expression in the jewel wasps Nasonia vitripennis and giraulti

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (27) ◽  
pp. E3545-E3554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Wang ◽  
John H. Werren ◽  
Andrew G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Constitutive Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Bisulfite Sequencing

There is extraordinary diversity in sexual dimorphism (SD) among animals, but little is known about its epigenetic basis. To study the epigenetic architecture of SD in a haplodiploid system, we performed RNA-seq and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of adult females and males from two closely related parasitoid wasps, Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti. More than 75% of expressed genes displayed significantly sex-biased expression. As a consequence, expression profiles are more similar between species within each sex than between sexes within each species. Furthermore, extremely male- and female-biased genes are enriched for totally different functional categories: male-biased genes for key enzymes in sex-pheromone synthesis and female-biased genes for genes involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Remarkably, just 70 highly expressed, extremely male-biased genes account for 10% of all transcripts in adult males. Unlike expression profiles, DNA methylomes are highly similar between sexes within species, with no consistent sex differences in methylation found. Therefore, methylation changes cannot explain the extensive level of sex-biased gene expression observed. Female-biased genes have smaller sequence divergence between species, higher conservation to other hymenopterans, and a broader expression range across development. Overall, female-biased genes have been recruited from genes with more conserved and broadly expressing “house-keeping” functions, whereas male-biased genes are more recently evolved and are predominately testis specific. In summary, Nasonia accomplish a striking degree of sex-biased expression without sex chromosomes or epigenetic differences in methylation. We propose that methylation provides a general signal for constitutive gene expression, whereas other sex-specific signals cause sex-biased gene expression.

EVOLUTION IN A LABORATORY HOST–PARASITOID SYSTEM AND ITS EFFECT ON POPULATION KINETICS

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 1049-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Zareh ◽  
Mark Westoby ◽  
David Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Population Kinetics ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Pupal Mortality

AbstractA laboratory system was developed that allowed populations of the house fly, Musca domestica, and its hymenopterous, wasp parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis, to interact and fluctuate in numbers, subject only to an upper limit on Musca density. In one (experimental) treatment, the selection pressure from Nasonia was allowed to operate, while in the control all Musca adults were replaced in each generation by individuals from a Musca population not exposed to Nasonia. Evolution for resistance of Musca to Nasonia became noticeable within four generations in the experimental treatment. Measured changes finally included increased fly pupal weight (although larval development period was not allowed to increase), less time spent as pupa, increased pupal mortality, and reduced fecundity of adults. Total per-generation increase of both control and experimental Nasonia was much reduced on experimental compared with control Musca. This was caused by reductions both in the longevity of female Nasonia and in the number of progeny they produced each day. From early in the experiment the increased resistance of Musca produced lower Nasonia densities in the experimental treatment. During the first 20 or so generations no difference could be detected in mean Musca density between the two treatments. After that time the density of adult Musca became greater, and fluctuated less, in the experimental than in the control treatment. This situation continued until the experiment ended at 50 generations.

Host age and pathogen exposure level as factors in the susceptibility of the house fly,Muscadomestica(Diptera: Muscidae) toBeauveriabassiana

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Kaufman ◽  
Lois A. Wood ◽  
Jeffrey I. Goldberg ◽  
Stefan J. Long ◽  
Donald A. Rutz
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Pathogen Exposure

SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja McKay ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Status ◽  
No Releases

AbstractIn 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

Detection of potentially human infectious assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from beef and dairy cattle in Scotland

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Bartley ◽  
Beeke K. Roehe ◽  
Sarah Thomson ◽  
Hannah J. Shaw ◽  
Frederieke Peto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Assemblage B

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the prevalence and assemblages of Giardia duodenalis present in Scottish beef and dairy cattle at different ages, to try to ascertain if cattle could play a role in the spread of zoonotic assemblages of Giardia. A total of 388 fecal samples (128 beef and 253 dairy, seven of unknown breed) were collected from 19 farms in Scotland. Samples were sub-divided by host age, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, 7–24 and ⩾25 weeks. DNA was extracted and tested by PCR to detect G. duodenalis DNA. Of the 388 samples, 126 tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 32.5%, with positive samples being observed in all age groups tested. The prevalence in dairy cattle was 44.7% (113/235), which was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the prevalence in beef cattle 10.1% (13/128). Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of assemblage E (77.2%, sequence types E-S1–E-S5), assemblage B (18.2%) and assemblage A (sub-assemblages AI-AII) (4.6%). These data demonstrate that G. duodenalis is found routinely in both dairy and beef cattle throughout Scotland; the presence of assemblages A and B also indicates that cattle may play a role in the spread of potentially zoonotic assemblages of Giardia.

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE LEAFHOPPER APHRODES BICINCTA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN THE OTTAWA AREA

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Chiykowski
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Early Instar

AbstractNymphs of the leafhopper Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank) first appeared in the field at the end of May or early June. Emergence of nymphs was protracted over a long period with second and third instar nymphs still being found when adult males were already present. Early instar nymphs were found on strawberry, Trifolium pratense L., T. hybridum L., Plantago major L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Erigeron canadensis L., and a species of Brassica. There was only one generation per year, the winter being spent in the egg stage. Eggs deposited in plants in the field hatched when brought into the greenhouse during the winter months.In greenhouse studies, eggs were most often found oviposited on the surface of the soil or completely embedded in the petioles of leaves and in clumps of peat moss. Although eggs held at room temperature (70°–75°F) occasionally hatched, cold treatment (45°–50°F) of several weeks resulted in eggs hatching in as short a time as 14 days following their return to room temperature. There were five instars in the nymphal stage. The first four were relatively uniform in length but the fifth was at least 3 days longer than any other instar. Male insects completed the nymphal stage in 38.4 days and female insects in 41.3 days. Descriptions and measurements of the five nymphal instars and male and female adult insects are given. Adult male insects survived well for about 4 weeks and then declined rapidly. Female survival remained relatively high for at least 8 weeks. Some females have lived for up to 20 weeks. Fecundity varied with one female producing 51 offspring and others producing 1.

The effect of host age on feeding performance of fleas

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1154-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTORIA LIBERMAN ◽  
IRINA S. KHOKHLOVA ◽  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
BORIS R. KRASNOV
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Rodent Host ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Feeding Performance ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Immune Defences

SUMMARYWe asked whether the age of a rodent host affects the feeding performance of fleas. We predicted that fleas would perform better on young and old than on adult rodents. To test this prediction, we determined bloodmeal size, rate of digestion and time of survival after a single bloodmeal inXenopsylla ramesisfeeding onMeriones crassusof different ages. Fleas took less blood from subadult and adult than from juvenile and old animals. Fleas digested blood of old hosts at the highest rate and blood of juvenile hosts most slowly. After a bloodmeal, fleas survived the longest if fed on a juvenile host. The effect of host gender on bloodmeal size and survival after a bloodmeal was manifested only in (a) subadult and adult hosts and (b) subadult hosts, respectively. Host gender affected the rate of digestion differently among digestion stages and host age cohorts. We explain the observed patterns in flea performance in terms of changes in the host's immune defences and nutritional quality of blood during the host's individual life. Our observations suggested that a host of a particular age could not be unequivocally predicted to be more or less beneficial for a parasite than a younger or an older host.

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