Tagging the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) with Radioactive Phosphorus for Flight and Dispersal Studies

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 810-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Dustan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Radioactive Phosphorus ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Isotope Decay

AbstractLarge numbers of Oriental fruit moth adults were successfully tagged (500 or more counts per minute) by holding them for 24–48 hr. in cages provided with cotton wicks moistened with a water-solution of P32 at 20 microcuries per millilitre. The addition of sugar to the tagging solution did not increase its effectiveness. Approximately 80% of the total radioactivity of the tagged moths was internal due to ingested liquid and the remainder was on the surface of their bodies; 73% of the total was in and on the abdomen. The loss in radioactivity of tagged moths in 1–6 days was 2.2–4.7 times greater than the theoretical loss due to isotope decay alone. The highest rate of loss occurred during the first day, probably through excretion before the P32 was absorbed from the digestive tract. Egg laying contributed to loss of radioactivity. Though water and liquid bait removed some P32 from tagged moths this did not result in appreciable contamination of other moths trapped in the liquids.Attempts to tag large numbers of moths (400–1000 per cage) for release and recovery experiments were only partially successful as the radioactivities attained by individual moths varied widely at different times and from cage to cage, even under the same environmental conditions. This appeared to be partly due to differences in the feeding behaviour of different batches of moths and it may have been influenced by the conditions under which they were reared.

Mating Behaviour of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Dustan
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Bait Traps ◽  
Peach Orchard

AbstractExperiments and observations on Oriental fruit moths in cages and in a peach orchard showed that both males and females may mate more than once. The maximum recorded number of matings was 7 for males and 5 for females. Mating usually occurred in the late afternoon and early evening during the daily flight and egg-laying period. Males seldom mated oftener than once in 24 hours and they transferred only one spermatophore to the female per mating. In cages, males mated approximately 1.4 times each when confined with equal numbers of females. Of the females taken in bait traps in a peach orchard, an average of 2.9% had not mated, 78.8% had mated once, 14.6% twice, and 3.7% more than twice. The mating behaviour of the Oriental fruit moth was shown to be similar to that of the codling moth.

Effects of Tagging Amounts of Radioactive Phosphorus on Adults of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Dustan
Keyword(s):  
Female Parent ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Radioactive Phosphorus ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Normal Males

AbstractFeeding adults of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), on a tagging solution of P32 containing 20–50 μc./ml. had no apparent effect on their longevity, mating, fecundity, and motility or on the viability of their eggs. The rate of 20–50 μc./ml. was in the range used for dispersal studies. Moths thus tagged had radioactivities of about 1500–2500 c.p.m.Female moths fed on solutions of P32 at 100 μc./ml. showed counting rates of more than 5000 c.p.m. These females, when mated with normal males, laid approximately 33% fewer eggs than normal females. Also, the fertility of the eggs was reduced by about 25% when only the female parent was radioactive and 15% when only the male parent was radioactive to the extent of over 5000 c.p.m.

scholarly journals Temporal changes in DNA methylation and RNA expression in a small song bird: within- and between-tissue comparisons

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Lindner ◽  
Irene Verhagen ◽  
Heidi M. Viitaniemi ◽  
Veronika N. Laine ◽  
Marcel E. Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Gene Body ◽  
Cpg Site ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background DNA methylation is likely a key mechanism regulating changes in gene transcription in traits that show temporal fluctuations in response to environmental conditions. To understand the transcriptional role of DNA methylation we need simultaneous within-individual assessment of methylation changes and gene expression changes over time. Within-individual repeated sampling of tissues, which are essential for trait expression is, however, unfeasible (e.g. specific brain regions, liver and ovary for reproductive timing). Here, we explore to what extend between-individual changes in DNA methylation in a tissue accessible for repeated sampling (red blood cells (RBCs)) reflect such patterns in a tissue unavailable for repeated sampling (liver) and how these DNA methylation patterns are associated with gene expression in such inaccessible tissues (hypothalamus, ovary and liver). For this, 18 great tit (Parus major) females were sacrificed at three time points (n = 6 per time point) throughout the pre-laying and egg-laying period and their blood, hypothalamus, ovary and liver were sampled. Results We simultaneously assessed DNA methylation changes (via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing) and changes in gene expression (via RNA-seq and qPCR) over time. In general, we found a positive correlation between changes in CpG site methylation in RBCs and liver across timepoints. For CpG sites in close proximity to the transcription start site, an increase in RBC methylation over time was associated with a decrease in the expression of the associated gene in the ovary. In contrast, no such association with gene expression was found for CpG site methylation within the gene body or the 10 kb up- and downstream regions adjacent to the gene body. Conclusion Temporal changes in DNA methylation are largely tissue-general, indicating that changes in RBC methylation can reflect changes in DNA methylation in other, often less accessible, tissues such as the liver in our case. However, associations between temporal changes in DNA methylation with changes in gene expression are mostly tissue- and genomic location-dependent. The observation that temporal changes in DNA methylation within RBCs can relate to changes in gene expression in less accessible tissues is important for a better understanding of how environmental conditions shape traits that temporally change in expression in wild populations.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Egg Deposition of the European Mantis

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Joanna Kajzer-Bonk
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Predatory Insect ◽  
Egg Case ◽  
Potential Tool

In this paper, we studied the egg-case (oothecae) deposition of the European mantis, Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus 1758), a predatory insect. We hypothesized that the height of ootheca deposition on a plant reflects the insolation requirements of the species, and would increase when plant cover is denser. We found that the taller the plants nearby, the greater the height of egg deposition. Oothecae were also oviposited higher in denser vegetation. The observed behavior may ensure the proper insolation of developing offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an egg laying strategy of this species under natural conditions. This finding allows for a better understanding of habitat selection and the overall ecology of the European mantis. It may be also useful in identifying the mechanisms of the range extension of this species and is a potential tool to effectively conserve xerothermic ootheca-laying animals. Further studies are required to assess the flexibility of this behavior under different environmental conditions.

The Strawberry Leaf Roller, Ancylis comptana fragariae (Walsh and Riley) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), as a Source of Overwintered Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Ontario

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1022-1023
Author(s):  
Wm. L. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Leaf Roller ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Peach Orchard

AbstractMacrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer overwintered in larvàe of the strawberry leaf roller, Ancylis comptana fragariae (Walsh & Riley), at the rate of from 544 to 7,623 per acre of strawberry field. Not more than 300 per acre of peach orchard, could be expected to overwinter in larvae of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck). About half of the larvae of M. ancylivorus in leaf rollers did not survive the winter.

Degradation and Leaching of Methazole in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E. Brockman ◽  
W.B. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Original Amount ◽  
Over Time

The degradation and leaching of methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] and metabolites in Elmwood sandy loam soil over time in response to average spring environmental conditions was studied by using soil columns placed on a rainfall simulator in an environmental growth chamber. Methazole was degraded to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU) over a 6-week period following methazole application, during which the soil columns received simulated rainfall of 1.27 cm every fourth day. Methazole level decreased to 27% of the original amount while DCPMU and DCPU levels increased to 53% and 1%, respectively. Of the total radioactivity remaining in the soil columns after 44 days and after 14 cm rainfall, approximately 80% remained above a depth of 6.35 mm.

Investigations on Trichogramma lutea, Gir., as a Parasite of the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis obsoleta, Fabr.

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Parsons ◽  
G. C. Ullyett
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Typical Experiment ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Low Degrees

Some of the problems involved in the estimation of parasitism in populations of Heliothis eggs are discussed:—(a) Effective parasitism of the “active fraction” of eggs as laid in situ is denned.(b) The habits of the egg-laying moth in point of the duration of oviposition on individual crops and diversion of moth activity from one host to another are discussed in relation to releases of Trichogramma lutea. Data are given on the distribution of bollworm eggs in a crop and associated factors.(c) Investigations on the dispersion of liberated parasites are described. Dispersion was found to be rapid and widespread; concerted activity by large numbers in given areas did not apply.Investigations in rain-grown crops are described and results are quoted from a typical experiment in maize, wherein the percentages of parasitism recorded in a large number of equal sections of the crop are regressed on proportionate larval survival. Although the egg parasitism ranged from 21·2 per cent, to 82·3 per cent., differences in larval populations were inappreciable. An explanation for this is offered in an analysis of the effect of various mortality factors.The parasite was relatively ineffective in cotton crops. The low degrees of parasitism found are assigned to the growth-habit of the plant, the scattered manner of egg deposition thereon and the impediment offered to the insect by the dense hair processes of the plant at many sites where eggs are commonly placed.Investigations on irrigated (cool season) market-garden crops and citrus orchards are described. These form the principal breeding sources of summer bollworm. Oviposition is extensive and sustained for three to four months on these crops, thereby affording opportunity for continuous parasite activity and the cumulative participation of progeny bred in the field. In nature Trichogramma lutea does not, however, appear until the latter end of the egg-laying by Heliothis and the authors were unable to establish laboratory-bred representatives at an earlier period.Another egg parasite, Phanurus ullyetti, is prevalent before Trichogramma appears and accomplishes much that was hoped for from the attempted earlier introduction of Trichogramma. In effect, the latter, as seen from diagrams furnished with the paper, becomes substituted for Phanurus toward the close of the winter season. It is probable that temperature is a determining factor in the biology of both parasites, although other causes for the observed relations are suggested.Further investigations are needed on the subject of exploiting T. lutea in the cool season.

EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NUMBER OF LARVAL INSTARS OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Roberts ◽  
Jean R. Proctor ◽  
J. H. H. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

AbstractLaboratory tests, at constant temperatures, were conducted to evaluate quantitatively the influence of temperature on development of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck). The results showed that at the highest temperature (30°C) some larvae had four instars and some had five, indicating a mixed population. Fifth instar larvae developed only at the highest temperature (30°C) where larval development was also most rapid. It can, therefore, be assumed that the Oriental fruit moth has four distinct larval instars when reared in the laboratory at 15°–24 °C.

HOST PLANTS AND PARASITES OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE

1942 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM. L. Putman
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Grapholitha Molesta ◽  
Host Relations

A list of the host plants and parasites of lepidopterous larvae reared during a study of the native hosts of parasites of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta Busck, was published in 1935. Much additional data which have since accumulated appear worth placing on record, particularly the host relations of the parasites.

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