The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIV.: Supplement to II. Oystershell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Predacious Mite ◽  
Winter Temperatures

AbstractThis study confirms an earlier finding that the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) is normally controlled in Nova Scotia apple orchards by the aphelinid Aphytis mytilaspidis Le B. and the predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus (Shimer). The effectiveness of the former may be limited in colder areas by low winter temperatures, and both species are detrimentally affected by some spray chemicals. The evidence presented indicates that either A. mytilaspidis, or H. malus, or the two of them together, may operate as key-factors in regulating the density of oystershell scale populations.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XI. Effects of Low Dosages of DDT on Predator Populations

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Laboratory Investigations

The varied interpretations by numerous biologists, of the role of predation in population dynamics have been critically reviewed by Holling (1959) and by Huffaker and Kennett (1956). They conclude that the processes of predation may serve to regulate prey density and disagree with generalizations that minimize the role of predation. This role has been a subject of considerable interest in recent years, notable contributions being the laboratory investigations of Collyer (1958) and Huffaker (1958), and the field studics of Holling (1959).

Overwintering Females and the Number of Generations of Typhlodromus (T.) pyri Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Nova Scotia

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Predacious Mite ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (= T. tiliae Oudms.) is the predominant species of predacious mite on apples in Nova Scotia. It feeds on a wide range of prey species (Herbert, 1959). Chant (1960) investigated the life-history and habits of this species in southeastern England and Herbert (1956) studied its life-history under controlled laboratory conditions. A knowledge of the life-histories of various components of the fauna is basic to an evaluation of predation; therefore, a study of the life-history and habits of T. pyri in the field was undertaken. This was supplemented by a laboratory study in which an attempt was made to duplicate field temperarures. The results of these studies are presented here.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Predacious Species

AbstractUtilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.

PEST DAMAGE AND INSECT FAUNA OF NOVA SCOTIA APPLE ORCHARDS: 1953–1977

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 985-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
General Decline

AbstractAnnual assessments from 1953 to 1977 of insect damage to the preharvest crop in apple orchards in Nova Scotia show a general decline in injury, except for 1966–68. Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) and fruit chewing insects (chiefly Operophtera brumata (L.), Alsophila pometaria (L.), Orthosia hibisci Guenee, Lithophane spp., and Xylena spp.) caused the greatest amount of fruit damage. Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), and Atractotomus mali (Meyer) were serious in some years. In integrated control program orchards the proportion of fruit damaged was twice that in preventative pesticide orchards. Fruit destined for processing had more injury than fruit destined for the fresh fruit market.Population levels of the major insect pests and their natural enemies were monitored regularly and gave early warning of threatening levels of pests. Generally predator population levels were high during periods of selective insecticide use but were low when widely toxic insecticides were introduced into the integrated control program.

DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPHAGOUS AND PREDACIOUS MITES ON APPLE TREES IN NOVA SCOTIA

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. P. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Predacious Mites ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Predacious Mite ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Lower Position ◽  
Zetzellia Mali ◽  
Aculus Schlechtendali ◽  
Mature Apple

AbstractThe relative densities of phytophagous and predacious mites within mature apple trees were examined. The eggs of phytophagous mites Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.) and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) were more numerous in the lower position of the tree while the reverse was true for the predacious mite Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and its eggs.

Effects of Increasing the Nitrogen Level of Apple Leaves on Mite and Predator Populations

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 924-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord ◽  
D. K. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Population Balance ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Predacious Species

Prior to 1950 the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch, was a major pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, and brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., was practically non-existent. Lord (1949), showed that the sulphur fungicides, commonly in use up to that time, were detrimental to some of the predacious species and toxic to the brown mite. After 1950 red mite populations became negligible and, although the brown mites increased, they did not become sufficiently abundant to cause economic damage. This shift of population balance in Nova kotia orchards has been attributed to the gradual replacement of sulphur and other detrimental materials by pesticides less harmful to predators of the mites (Pickett 1953).

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. III. Mites and their Predators

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Bordeaux Mixture ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Bloom Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci ◽  
Predacious Species

Three mirids, Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler, Hyaliodes harti Knight, and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), are effective predators of the red mite and probably of the clover mite from early in June until the latter part of July. These three species are the only important predacious mirids under the conditions of the present spray practices in Nova Scotia. Gilliatt (2) has given an account of the life-histories of the three specics and discussed their importance in the natural contrnl of the red mite, and his account need not be repeated here. The three mirids are often the only important predacious species in many commercial orchards during the summer months because of the destruction of I. tiliae and H. faurei by the sulphur sprays emploved around the bloom period. Their presence in such orchards is in itself evidence that neither bordeaux mixture nor flotation sulphur reduces their numbers. Observation on a considerable number of occasions showed that iron carbamate has no effect on these mirids. An opportunity to test some of the common spray chemicals on two of the species was presented in the F. Palmer orchard at Berwick in 1947. Two trees were sprayed with each of the materials listed, and the insects were collected as they dropped on two trays, of 32 square feet each, which had been placed beneath the trees.

scholarly journals Improving the management of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) in apple orchards

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
P.L. Lo ◽  
J.T.S. Walker ◽  
T.M. Fraser ◽  
D.W. Manktelow
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
Insecticide Sprays

Mealybug infestations in New Zealand apples declined when integrated fruit production was implemented in the late 1990s In Hawkes Bay however mealybugs have recently become an increasing problem The mean incidence of mealybugs at harvest increased from 17 in 2008 to 22 in 2010 In 2009 and 2010 almost 50 of blocks had a higher incidence than the previous year Analysis of spray diaries suggested that spray programmes up to 200910 were inadequate to maintain longterm suppression of mealybugs Key factors were the number of insecticide sprays their time of application and the choice of product but not spray coverage Consequently in spring 2010 orchard managers were encouraged to follow a best practice spray programme against mealybugs which led to markedly improved mealybug control At harvest in 2011 the mean incidence was 07 and just 14 of blocks had more mealybugs than the previous year while almost 60 had fewer

scholarly journals Hymenopterous parasites associated with Phyllonorycter blancardella [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae] in Nova Scotia and Quebec

2005 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Bishop ◽  
R.F. Smith ◽  
C. Vincent ◽  
H. Goulet ◽  
J. Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Pholetesor Ornigis

Mined leaves were collected in commercial and unsprayed (no insecticides) apple orchards of Quebec and Nova Scotia to determine the relative abundance and diversity of parasites of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae]. In Quebec, 29 species of leafminer parasites were recovered, belonging to 7 families: Aphelinidae, Braconidae, Chalcidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae and Scelionidae. The most prevalent species were Pholetesor ornigis (67%), Sympiesis marylandensis (11%), S. serviceicornis (7%), Pnigalio maculipes (1.5%), Tetrasticus spp. (1.2%), while all other species accounted for < 1.0%. Pholetesor pedias, a braconid released in 1983 at Frelighsburg, Quebec, was not found in the 1984 and 1985 surveys. In Nova Scotia, 19 parasite species were recovered, belonging to 5 families : Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae and Pteromalidae. The most prevalent species were: Pholetesor ornigis (52%), Pnigalio maculipes (14%), Sympiesis serviceicornis (12%), S. marylandensis (9.5%), Sympiesis spp. (5%), Horismenus fraternus (1.8%), Paraleurocerus sp. (1.3%), Stictopisthus flaviceps (1.1%), while all other species accounted for < 1%. Seven and five species of hyperparasites were recovered in Nova Scotia and Quebec, respectively. New records for North America for the spotted tentiform leafminer as a host are : Sticopisthus bilineatus, S. flaviceps, Euderis sp., Pnigalio epilobii, P. pallipes and Paraleurocerus bicoloripes.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. III. Mites and their Predators

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Apple Orchards

The commercial production of apples has led growers to greater reliance on chemical control measures for pests than have most fields of agricultural production. Since the turn of the century orchardists have plunged deeper and deeper into artificial measures to produce fruit free from blemishes without greatly alleviating the over-all pest problem and, in some cases, actually producing conditions conducive to still greater problems.

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