Romance and Croatian in Contact: Non-Clitic Auxiliaries in Istro-Romanian

This paper focuses on Istro-Romanian and argues that the TAM auxiliaries of this variety are not morphophonological clitics. This analysis is supported by the existence of several empirical phenomena (auxiliary-licensed VP-ellipsis, scrambling, and interpolation), some not found in modern Romance, others very rare in modern Romance. This property of Istro-Romanian auxiliary verbs accounts, in conjunction with other features of this variety (e.g., the availability of C-oriented and I-oriented pronominal clitics), for the massive variation in the word order of pronominal clitics, auxiliaries, and the lexical verb found in the Istro-Romanian sentential core. An endangered Romance variety spoken in Istria and in the diaspora, historically related to (Daco-)Romanian, Istro-Romanian has been in contact with Croatian since the settlement of Istro-Romanians in the Istrian peninsula. As some of the Istro-Romanian features and phenomena are found both in Croatian and in old Romanian, it appears that contact with Croatian acts as a catalyst of structural convergence engendering the retention of an archaic property of Istro-Romanian auxiliaries: a lower position on the grammaticalization cline, closer to the full word status of their etyma.

Optimizing Planting Density and Impact of Panicle Types on Grain Yield and Microclimatic Response Index of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The architecture of rice plant represents important and complex agronomic traits, such as panicles morphology, which directly influence the microclimate of rice population and consequently grain yield. To enhance yield, modification of plant architecture to create new hybrid cultivars is considered a sustainable approach. The current study includes an investigation of yield and microclimate response index under low to high plant density of two indica hybrid rice R498 (curved panicles) and R499 (erect panicles), from 2017 to 2018. The split-plot design included planting densities of 11.9–36.2 plant/m2. The results showed that compared with R498, R499 produced a higher grain yield of 8.02–8.83 t/ha at a higher planting density of 26.5–36.2 plant/m2. The response index of light intensity and relative humidity to the planting density of R499 was higher than that of R498 at the lower position of the rice population. However, the response index of temperature to the planting density of R499 was higher at the upper position (0.2–1.4%) than at the lower position. Compared with R498, R499 at a high planting density developed lower relative humidity (78–88%) and higher light intensity (9900–15,916 lx) at the lower position of the rice population. Our finding suggests that erect panicles are highly related to grain yield microclimatic contributors under a highly dense rice population, such as light intensity utilization, humidity, and temperature. The application of erect panicle rice type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing microclimatic conditions in rice.

Marginalization of Women in Higuchi Ichiyou's Nigorie Short Story: A Feminism Studies

The purpose of this study is to describe the marginalization experienced by women in Higuchi Ichiyou's short story Nigorie, and the effects it causes. This research focused on marginalization because marginalization is the root of various unfair treatments experienced by women. As a literature study with the feminism approach, data in the form of dialogues, acts, and events related to women in this short story were analyzed based on Lorber’s and Fakih’s theory of gender inequalities, through the point of view of feminist literary criticism. As the result, it is known that the marginalization experienced by women who work in brothels has resulted in other unfair treatments, which in Fakih's opinion can be categorized as gender inequalities. Such unfair treatments are in the form of impoverishment, putting women in a lower position than men, negative labeling, violence, and double workload. Marginalization and various unfair treatments experienced by women in this short story, which gives the impression that the society in this short story doesn’t consider women as human beings in general, are the manifestations of hegemonic patriarchism that is deeply rooted in the life of the Japanese nation.

POSISI PEREMPUAN DALAM INJIL LUKAS: Sebuah Kajian dengan Perspektif Honor and Shame Melalui Kisah Elisabet

The number of female figures who appear in Luke's gospel behind a social context that places women in a lower position than men, raises questions about the position of women in Luke's gospel. This article aims to explore the woman in Luke's gospel through the story of Elizabeth. Because the issue of women's position related to social status, the analysis in this study will be based on the perspective of honor and shame with symbolic methods in cultural anthropology as the methodology. The results of this analysis show a positive and significant position for women in the Gospel of Luke. This is shown through the symbols of honor embedded in Elizabeth, as well as her significant and prominent role. Even Elizabeth is shown to be in a much more positive position than her husband, Zacharias. Elizabeth shows that women, like men, can play an important role as patrons, witnesses, and prophets. The way Luke positions Elizabeth indicates that there is an elevation of honor for women to an equal position with men. Keywords: honor and shame, cultural anthropology, Elizabeth, women’s position, the Gospel of Luke Abstrak: Banyaknya tokoh perempuan yang dimunculkan di Injil Lukas di balik konteks sosial yang menempatkan perempuan pada posisi yang lebih rendah daripada laki-laki, menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai posisi perempuan dalam Injil Lukas. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi posisi perempuan dalam Injil Lukas melalui kisah Elisabet. Mengingat isu tentang posisi perempuan berhubungan dengan status sosial, maka analisis dalam penelitian ini akan didasarkan pada perspektif honor and shame dengan metode simbolik dalam antropologi budaya sebagai metodologinya. Hasil dari analisis ini memperlihatkan posisi yang positif dan signifikan bagi perempuan dalam Injil Lukas. Hal ini diperlihatkan melalui simbol-simbol kehormatan yang disematkan kepada Elisabet, serta perannya yang terlihat signifikan dan menonjol. Bahkan Elisabet diperlihatkan pada posisi yang jauh lebih positif daripada Zakharia, suaminya. Elisabet memperlihatkan bahwa perempuan, seperti juga laki-laki, dapat berperan penting sebagai patron, saksi, dan penyampai nubuat. Cara Lukas memosisikan Elisabet ini mengindikasikan adanya pengangkatan kehormatan perempuan pada posisi yang setara dengan laki-laki. Kata-kata Kunci: honor and shame, antropologi budaya, Elisabet, posisi perempuan, Injil Lukas.

‘V2’ and clitic placement

In medieval Romance, as well as in present-day western Ibero-Romance, enclisis and proclisis alternate in finite main positive clauses. Such alternations are usually subsumed under the so-called Tobler-Mussafia law, which has been subject to several reformulations in order to relate clitic placement to other syntactic properties. This chapter shows that the hypothesis linking enclisis and verb movement is ultimately correct, although the examples supporting the hypothesis are relatively rare, the correlation between enclisis and verb movement is a bit more complicated than assumed in part of the literature, and no formal machinery proposed so far accounts adequately for clitic placement. This chapter endorses Benincà’s (1995, 2006) hypothesis, according to which the verb moves in two steps, yielding, respectively, subject inversion and V2 orders, when the verb targets a lower position in the left periphery, and enclisis, when the verb climbs higher.

Lateral Violence of Nurses in the Hospital Environment: The Need for Caring

Workplace violence has a major impact on productivity, morale, increase absenteeism, turnover, patient outcome, and cost. The hierarchy of the hospital structure is based on a patriarchal system dominated by male physicians and administrators with nurses in the lower position. However, because of nurses being in a lower position of hierarchy, their frustrations are acted out laterally (horizontally) toward other nurses. This paper is an analysis of the literature in addressing the psychological process of lateral (horizontal) violence among health healthcare employees in health services organizations. A model was developed describing this psychological process with the proposed impact of preventive strategies. Horizontal hostility or lateral violence (LV) has been defined as unkind, discourteous, antagonistic interactions between employees in the workplace. Also, nurses experienced numerous physical and psychologic stress and even death. In many health services organizations, this horizontal/ lateral violence behavior is accepted and considered the norm and often overlooked and not reported. Health services organizations need to promote better working relationships among healthcare professionals to have better patient outcomes. In the hospital environment, physicians and nurses need to work more collaboratively. Therefore, nurses need to be empowered to report and advocate against violence.

The Psychological Development of Horizontal ( Lateral) Violence in Health Services

Workplace violence has a major impact on productivity, morale, increase absenteeism, turnover, patient outcome, and cost. The hierarchy of the hospital structure is based on a patriarchal system dominated by male physicians and administrators with nurses in the lower position. However, because of nurses being in a lower position of hierarchy, their frustrations are acted out laterally (horizontally) toward other nurses. This paper is an analysis of the literature in addressing the psychological process of lateral (horizontal) violence among health healthcare employees in health services organizations. A model was developed describing this psychological process with the proposed impact of preventive strategies. Horizontal hostility or lateral violence (LV) has been defined as unkind, discourteous, antagonistic interactions between employees in the workplace. Also, nurses experienced numerous physical and psychologic stress and even death. In many health services organizations, this horizontal/ lateral violence behavior is accepted and considered the norm and often overlooked and not reported. Health services organizations need to promote better working relationships among healthcare professionals to have better patient outcomes. In the hospital environment, physicians and nurses need to work more collaboratively. Therefore, nurses need to be empowered to report and advocate against violence.

On the issue of ectopic pregnancy

The variety of views on the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy and the need to collect and process casuistic material in order to establish accurate recognition and indicate the best treatment methods in this way prompted the author to report the case he observed. But before the message, its author gives a short historical essay, in which he sets out the views of authors of different periods on ectopic pregnancy, briefly gives statistics on the frequency of ectopic pregnancy and the views of the authors on its etiology: blockage of the fallopian tubes (Fritsch, Virchow, Hecker) caused by inflammation, kinks and fixations, false membranes; postpartum diseases of the peritoneum, plaque in the tube (Leopold, Beck, Wyder), preventing the entry of the egg into the uterus; intramural uterine fibroids (Olshausen, Roth von Macdonald), which apparently prevented the entry of eggs into it; purulent diseases, probably (Martin), affect either the loss of the ciliary epithelium, which slows down the movement of the egg, or the infiltration of the walls, which reduces the lumen of the tube; short-term swelling of the mucous membrane of the tube, the lower position of the peritoneal end compared to the uterine end (Pallen Freund); underdeveloped (infantile) pipes with their bends, etc.

French polar response particles and neg movement

I present new data from European French involving embedded polar response particles (a.k.a. yes/no particles) in response to negative questions and develop a novel proposal which integrates the insights of previous analyses (e.g. Holmberg in Lingua 128:31–50, 2013; Roelofsen and Farkas in Language 91(2):359–414, 2015). The main puzzle has to do with the interpretation of non ‘no’ (bare or followed by a clause), which may assert its antecedent or the negation of its antecedent. It is shown that the meaning of non-responses varies as a function of the scope of negation with respect to various operators in its antecedent. Polar response particles in French are analyzed as the spell-out of a Polarity head which has moved from a lower position. The various interpretations of polar response particles are modelled as being constrained by the interaction between the necessity of the movement of the Polarity head and a constraint on scope preservation. The ramifications of this proposal for related phenomena (e.g. ‘low negation’ in English, N-word responses) are then discussed.

The Three Big Stages of the Reconceptualization of Japanese Pacifism: How Alliance Dilemma with the United States Plays a Major Role in Japan

This paper aims to explain the alliance dilemma between the United States and Japan and its impact on the reconceptualization of Japanese pacifism. It implies a decline in one-country pacifism intensity and increasingly flexible reinterpretations of Article 9. Through this research, it turns out that Japan’s lower position of bargaining leverage than the U.S. and the risk of entrapment in alliance dilemma between the U.S. and Japan affect the reconceptualization of pacifism in Japan. The conclusion draws on the findings through the theoretical framework of Glenn Snyder’s Alliance Dilemma, with James D. Morrow’s concept of Autonomy and Security. The term ‘alliance dilemma’ refers to two possible choices states could pick to avoid certain risks in the alliance: “C” strategy (to cooperate) or “D” strategy (to defect). The analysis reveals that Japan is more inclined to choose “C” strategy since it is very dependent on the U.S. As the bad prospective in “C” strategy eventually comes into effect, Japan’s lower position of bargaining leverage than the U.S. and the risk of entrapment it bears become the reasons of reconceptualization of its pacifism.