scholarly journals Urban–rural disparities in adult mortality in sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 136-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashira Menashe Oren ◽  
Guy Stecklov
Keyword(s):  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan

HIV Prevalence Trends and Disparities by Gender and Urban-rural Residence Among Adolescents in Sub-saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reka Maulide Cane ◽  
Dessalegn Melesse ◽  
Nkomba Kayeyi ◽  
Abubakar Manu ◽  
Yohannes Dibaba Wado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background In sub-Saharan Africa HIV transmission is a major challenge in adolescents, especially among girls and those living in urban settings. Major international efforts have aimed at reducing sexual transmission. This analysis aims to assess the trends in HIV prevalence by gender in adolescents, as well as urban-rural disparities. Methods HIV prevalence data were obtained for 30 countries with a national survey since 2010 and for 23 countries with one survey circa 2005 and a recent survey circa 2015. Countries were grouped into 2% or higher and lower than 2% HIV prevalence among girls 15–19 years in the first survey. Country medians and average annual rates of changes were used to summarize the trends. Data on HIV incidence at ages 15–24 and prevalence at 5–9 and 10–14 years were reviewed from 11 recent national surveys. Trends in urban-rural disparities in HIV prevalence and selected indicators of sexual and HIV testing behaviours were assessed for females and males 15–24 years, using the same surveys. Results HIV prevalence among girls 15–19 years declined in the higher HIV prevalence group from 5.7–2.6% during 2005–2015, corresponding with an average annual rate of reduction of 6.5% per year. Among boys, the median HIV prevalence declined from 2.1–1.2% in the higher prevalence group. Smaller changes were observed in the lower prevalence country group where median HIV prevalence among girls decreased from 0.7–0.4% (average annual rate of reduction 5.9%). Girl – boy differences at 10–14 years were small with a country median HIV of 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Urban females and males 15–24 had at least 1.5 times higher HIV prevalence than their rural counterparts, and all experienced similar declines during 2005–2015. Condom use and HIV testing increased among adolescents in both higher and lower prevalence countries, but indicators of sexual activity showed little change over time. Conclusions HIV prevalence declined in almost all countries during the last decade, in both urban and rural settings, for both sexes. The urban-rural gap persisted and HIV transmission to girls, but not boys, is still a major challenge in eastern and southern African countries.

Dynamics of Adult Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 745-768
Author(s):  
Ayo S. Adebowale ◽  
Adeniyi F. Fagbamigbe ◽  
Tubosun Olowolafe ◽  
Rotimi F. Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals An analysis of the learning performance gap between urban and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Sugata Sumida ◽  
Keisuke Kawata
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
School Characteristics ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Learning Gap ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Over Time

The learning gap between urban and rural areas is a persistent problem in many sub-Saharan African countries. Previous studies have found that the urban-rural learning gap is attributed to the fact that student characteristics and school resources are different in urban and rural areas. Our study updates this finding by using the latest dataset and further examines the changes in the attributed sources over time. Using 15 educational systems in sub-Saharan Africa, we examined 4 potential sources of the gap: student, family, teacher, and school characteristics. Our results reveal that the urban-rural learning gap in recent years is attributed mostly to differences in school and family characteristics. We also found that the attribution remains the same over time from 2004 to 2011 and that the attribution to family characteristics’ differences became slightly greater than the one to school characteristics’ differences.

Access to drinking water in sub-Saharan Africa: does the developmental state doctrine matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 002085232093006
Author(s):  
Bacha Kebede Debela ◽  
Geert Bouckaert ◽  
Steve Troupin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

Using data from 14 sub-Saharan African countries, this study investigates the relevance of the developmental state doctrine to enhancing access to improved drinking water sources and to reducing urban–rural inequalities in access to improved sources and piped-on premises. Although access to improved water sources and urban–rural inequality seems better in developmental states than in non-developmental states, we have not found sufficient support for the claim that the developmental state approach is the best alternative. The influence of corruption is, unexpectedly, higher in developmental states than in non-developmental states. Moreover, both developmental states and non-developmental states were not significantly investing in access to drinking water supply programs. We find that the total population growth rate is the strongest predictor, rather than regime type. Other factors that explain the variation between all samples of developmental states and non-developmental states are identified and discussed, and implications are outlined. Points for practitioners There is significant variation in access to improved drinking water sources and urban–rural inequalities in access to improved sources and piped-on premises between developmental states and non-developmental states. The relevance of the developmental state doctrine to improving access to drinking water, reducing socio-economic inequalities in access to drinking water, and realizing Sustainable Development Goal targets in sub-Saharan Africa is ambiguous. We advise strengthening a functional Weberian bureaucracy and promoting political decentralization.

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