scholarly journals Strategie allocative per la persona nella economia sanitaria

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Hanau

L’autore affronta il tema della allocazione delle risorse sanitarie adottando una prospettiva etico-politica di tipo solidale. In particolare, viene messo in risalto come la sanità pubblica italiana comporti una spesa a carico del cittadino sempre maggiore, soprattutto per determinate categorie di soggetti quali i malati cronici non autosufficienti. Una indagine condotta per conto dell’OMS rileva infatti che in Italia i malati affetti da patologie più gravi ricevono in proporzione meno cure dei pazienti con patologie di grado lieve/moderato. Si tratta, dunque, del cosiddetto “effetto Matteo” - mutuato dalla espressione evangelica - secondo cui “a chi ha sarà dato e a chi non ha sarà tolto anche quello che ha”. Traslato alla realtà sanitaria ciò esita nel deprecabile superamento del criterio di severità clinica quale caposaldo dell’assistenza socio-sanitaria a vantaggio di criteri economicistici rappresentati da un uso improprio del sistema di remunerazione delle prestazioni sanitarie secondo DRG, che penalizza il produttore il quale sfori il limite di budget fissato dalle autorità sanitarie, magari a motivo di una maggiore attenzione all’assistenza dei malati cronici e/o disabili. Va peraltro considerato che la medicina attuale sconta altri limiti oltre a quelli relativi alle risorse, in particolare il limite rappresentato dalla finitezza umana, di cui occorrerebbe prendere serenamente atto. L'articolo considera peraltro in modo analitico alcuni strumenti utilizzati per la valutazione dell’efficacia e dell’efficienza degli interventi sanitari (QALYs, EQALYs, UVG, UVH, ROSES), mettendone in risalto punti di forza e criticità. In definitiva, occorre riferirsi sempre ad un criterio solidaristico, adottando peraltro una rigorosa logica di cura ed assistenza personalizzate, il che consentirebbe un utilizzo ottimale di risorse. ---------- The Author faces the issue of the allocation of the health resources adopting a solidarity ethical perspective. Particularly, it is underlined that Italian health care system involve an expense more and more in charge of the citizen, above all for subjects with chronic pathologies. In fact, a survey by WHO highlights that in Italy the sick affected by serious pathologies (disability, mental disease) receive less care than patients with slight/moderate diseases: therefore, the so called “Matthew effect”. In this perspective, the “clinical severity” criterion is overcome by the economical one, the perspective payment system of health care services is utilized in improper way and penalizes the health maintenance organization that dedicate great attention to chronic sick. On the other hand, the medicine has indubitable limits: resources, but above all, the probabilistic nature of outcomes and the finite nature of man. The article considers some tools used for the evaluation of effectiveness and the efficiency of health interventions (QALYs, EQALYs, UVG, UVH, ROSES), bringing out strengths and weaknesses. Finally, it is always necessary to refer to a solidarity criterion, adopting a rigorous logics of care and personalized care: this approach would allow a better use of resources.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Warren Salmon

This paper presents a political economic framework for viewing the social organization of the delivery of health care services and predicting a qualitatively different institutional configuration involving the health maintenance organization. The principal forces impacting American capitalism today are leading to a fundamental restructuring for increased social efficiency of the entire social welfare sector, including the health services industry. The method to achieve this restructuring involves health policy directed at raising the contribution to the social surplus from the delivery of health care services and eventual corporate domination. The health maintenance organization conceptualization is examined with suggestions as to how the HMO strategy promoted by the state leads to this corporate takeover. The mechanism and extent of the present corporate involvement are examined and implications of health services as a social control mechanism are presented.


1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 301-330
Author(s):  
Eleanor D. Kinney

In the American health care system, payers are rapidly moving toward the use of capitation as the preferred method for paying for health care services for sponsored patients. n capitation, the payer pays a provider organization a set rate per patient to care for a group of patients. The provider organization assumes the risk of the actual costs of caring for these covered lives. The theory of capitation is that providers, by assuming risk, will have incentives to contain their costs.The provider entity that provides the care can take many corporate forms. A capitated provider can be a small group of physicians with admitting privileges at a single hospital or a complex integrated delivery network comprised of hospitals, physicians, and other health care professionals and institutions with integrated case management and data systems. Currently such integrated delivery networks assume a variety of organizational forms, ranging from traditional staff model health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in which physicians are employees of the health plan to physician hospital organizations (PHOs) in which physicians and hospitals join together for purposes of contracting with payers. Hospitals and physicians belonging to their medical staffs are motivated to form integrated delivery networks or other consolidated business organizations in order to contract with payers that seek providers willing to accept financial risk for the care of sponsored patients. Providers join such arrangements out of fear of losing patients if they do not.


1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy B. Bernstein ◽  
Jill Bernstein

Although health maintenance organization (HMO) structures and databases are not uniform across plans, there are unique characteristics of HMO data in general that make them useful in examining health policy and delivery issues. The authors examine differences in data generated by different types of HMOs. After discussing why health services research using HMO data is needed by HMOs, other providers, practitioners, payers, and consumers of health care, the authors examine ways in which HMOs can provide sound answers to crucially important questions about the future of health care. They conclude that although the need for research on HMOs is compelling, researchers need to understand the information needs of HMOs and the incentives that are shaping the industry's approach to system delivery and clinical outcomes research. If HMOs do not take the lead in conducting health services research, they will diminish their role in shaping policies that will shape their future evolution.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Sacristán

Abstract Background Many of the strategies designed to reduce “low-value care” have been implemented without a consensus on the definition of the term “value”. Most “low value care” lists are based on the comparative effectiveness of the interventions. Main text Defining the value of an intervention based on its effectiveness may generate an inefficient use of resources, as a very effective intervention is not necessarily an efficient intervention, and a low effective intervention is not always an inefficient intervention. The cost-effectiveness plane may help to differentiate between high and low value care interventions. Reducing low value care should include three complementary strategies: eliminating ineffective interventions that entail a cost; eliminating interventions whose cost is higher and whose effectiveness is lower than that of other options (quadrant IV); and eliminating interventions whose incremental or decremental cost-effectiveness is unacceptable in quadrants I and III, respectively. Defining low-value care according to the efficiency of the interventions, ideally at the level of subgroups and individuals, will contribute to develop true value-based health care systems. Conclusion Cost-effectiveness rather than effectiveness should be the main criterion to assess the value of health care services and interventions. Payment-for-value strategies should be based on the definition of high and low value provided by the cost-effectiveness plane.


2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Frith

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to advance a conceptual understanding of the role of social enterprises in health care by developing the concept of ethical capital. Social enterprises have been an important part of both the coalition and the previous government’s vision for improving health-care delivery. One of the central arguments for increasing the role of social enterprises in health care is they can provide the benefits of a public service ethos with the efficiencies and innovatory strategies of a business. Social enterprises are well placed to promote the type of values that should underpin health care delivery. Design/methodology/approach – This paper explores the conceptual issues raised by using social enterprises to provide health-care services that were previously provided by the National Health Service (NHS) from an ethical perspective. Findings – It will be argued that conceptualising social enterprises as organisations that can and should produce ethical capital could be a useful way of developing the debate over social enterprises in health care. Practical implications – The paper provides suggestions on how ethical capital might be produced and monitored in social enterprises. Originality/value – This paper advances the debate over the use of the concept of ethical capital in social enterprises and explores the relationship between ethical and social capital – both under researched areas. It also contributes to the emerging discussions of social enterprises in current health policy and their role in the radically reformed English NHS.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Oscar Dr. Edoh ◽  
Aude-Elvis ODELOUI

Personalized health care in coming and shows promise to improve the health care services delivery.Internet of Things (IoT) enabled personalized care enables patient-centric care delivery wheremedical doctors provide care based on data emanated from the patient and on the patientmedical/health record.Cardiovascular diseases, known as non-communicable diseases, are a leading death causeworldwide. Developing countries are bearing the heaviest heart diseases burden. Additionally,these countries are facing numerous challenges such as poor access to health care services delivery,lack of adequate medicine, lack of health insurance that aggravate the poor care accessibility issues.Several outpatients living in rural are severely facing the accessibility issues due to the remoteresidence. They are living very far from specialized hospitals or clinics.This paper aims at presenting a novel cardiac telemetry approach combining the paradigm ofcontext awareness and the IoT Technology to provide personalized care to remote outpatient and,thus, improve on one hand the patient monitoring and on other increase access to health careservices as well as provide personalized care, which shows promise to improve the quality of thecare.Regarding the telecommunication issues facing most developing, especially the rural regions, storeand forward approach is adopted for data exchanges and machine-to-machine (M2M)communication is selected to support communication in the entire system since M2Mcommunication is technology independent, interoperable, and enable remote communication.


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