scholarly journals Defensive mechanisms and personality structure in an early adolescent boy: process and outcome issues in a non-intensive psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Di Riso ◽  
Alessandro Gennaro ◽  
Daphne Chessa
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Defensive Mechanisms ◽  
Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The main aim of this paper is to empirically assess <span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">d</span></span>efenses mechanism trends (process) and personality structure (outcome) in an audio-recorded non-intensive psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy with an early adolescent <span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">boy, Gabriele. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #0a0905; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: #0a0905; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">Defensive mechanisms were evaluated through the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scale (DMRS, Perry 1990), assessment and outcome measure included the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure for Adolescents (SWAP-200-A, Westen, Dutra, &amp; Shedler, 2005). </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #0a0905; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: #0a0905; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">The paper focused on 12 sessions divided into three periods, SWAP-200-A were scored at the assessment and outcome phases while all the sessions were evaluated according DMRS. Quantitative and narrative profiles of SWAP-200-A and DMRS were integrated, a log linear procedure was chosen to assess defensive mechanisms trends longitudinally during the treatment. Moreover a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA, Benzecri, 1973a) was applied to DMRS to </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB">provides a map of the evolution of the patterns of defense mechanisms throughout the course of psychotherapy.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #0a0905; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: #0a0905; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">Personality assessment and defensive mechanisms showed an inhibited self-critical image with obsessive, narcissistic and disavowal patterns. According to trends during treatment phases these defensive patterns decreased while mature defenses increased significantly. MCA analysis </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">identified also this trajectory. <span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">The study highlighted how non intensive psychoanalytic oriented treatment might by effective in treating internalizing disorders, and specifically discussed outcome and process issues in terms of personality structural changes and defense mechanisms with empirically based measures. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

scholarly journals Defensive mechanisms and personality structure in an early adolescent boy: process and outcome issues in a non-intensive psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Di Riso ◽  
Alessandro Gennaro ◽  
Silvia Salcuni
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Defensive Mechanisms ◽  
Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy

The main aim of this paper is to empirically assess defense mechanisms trends and personality structure in a once a week psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy with an early adolescent, affected by a General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Assessment and outcome measure included the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure for Adolescents (SWAP-200-A); process was evaluated through defensive mechanisms analysis, using Defense Mechanisms Rating Scale (DMRS). The paper focused on 12 sessions divided into three periods, along 2 years of treatment. Quantitative and narrative profiles of SWAP-200-A and DMRS were integrated; a log linear procedure was chosen to assess defensive mechanisms trends longitudinally during the treatment. Moreover a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was applied to DMRS to provide a map of the evolution of the patterns of defense mechanisms throughout the course of treatment. Personality assessment and defensive mechanisms showed an inhibited self-critical image with obsessive, narcissistic and disavowal patterns. According to trends during treatment phases, MCA analysis identified decreasing in defensive patterns, while mature defenses increased significantly. The study highlighted how non-intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy can help early adolescents with clinical problems to improve their overall mental functioning. Outcome in terms of personality structural changes and process according to defense mechanisms were discussed to highlight improvement not just in symptomatology, but also in personality structure and functioning.

Coming Together Through Falling Apart

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
Heather Churchill ◽  
Jeremy M. Ridenour
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Psychological Assessments ◽  
Transference And Countertransference ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy

Abstract. Assessing change during long-term psychotherapy can be a challenging and uncertain task. Psychological assessments can be a valuable tool and can offer a perspective from outside the therapy dyad, independent of the powerful and distorting influences of transference and countertransference. Subtle structural changes that may not yet have manifested behaviorally can also be assessed. However, it can be difficult to find a balance between a rigorous, systematic approach to data, while also allowing for the richness of the patient’s internal world to emerge. In this article, the authors discuss a primarily qualitative approach to the data and demonstrate the ways in which this kind of approach can deepen the understanding of the more subtle or complex changes a particular patient is undergoing while in treatment, as well as provide more detail about the nature of an individual’s internal world. The authors also outline several developmental frameworks that focus on the ways a patient constructs their reality and can guide the interpretation of qualitative data. The authors then analyze testing data from a patient in long-term psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy in order to demonstrate an approach to data analysis and to show an example of how change can unfold over long-term treatments.

scholarly journals Beyond the mask of deference: exploring the relationship between ruptures and transference in a single-case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Locati ◽  
Pietro De Carli ◽  
Emanuele Tarasconi ◽  
Margherita Lang ◽  
Laura Parolin
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Single Case Study ◽  
Alliance Ruptures ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between transference and therapeutic alliance has been long discussed. It is only recently, however, that empirical evidence has provided support for a tight correspondence between several transference dimensions and rupture and resolution processes. In the present single-case study, we used alliance ruptures as a key dimension to understand patient’s transference dynamics. This was achieved in a particular form of patient’s behavior, i.e., patient’s deference and acquiescent behavior, which describes a significant submission to assertions, skills, judgments and point of views of another person. Therapeutic process was measured by means of the Rupture Resolution Rating Scale, the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme and the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales, whereas therapeutic outcome was measured by means of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200. Results of sequential analysis yielded a significant correspondence between rupture markers, characterized by avoidance and shifting of session’s topic, and patient’s narrations. Furthermore, a systematic correspondence between alliance ruptures and patient’s avoidant functioning, which emerged both in transference relationship and in the quality of the defense structure, was found. Together, these findings indicate that patient’s deference inhibits the expression of relational themes, with ruptures in alliance that seem to be supported by a strong defensive structure. In particular, patient’s avoidance played a double role in the treatment. On the one hand, avoidance was the main characteristic of her transference structure, based on extreme intellectualization and emotional closure. On the other hand, it contributed to create an impasse in the treatment, based on a withdrawal ruptures model and on obsessive level defences.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability of Plant Leaf Responses Cascade after PSII Inhibition: Raman, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Infrared Thermal Imaging

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vítek ◽  
Barbora Veselá ◽  
Karel Klem
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽  
Psii Photochemistry

The use of photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors allows simulating cascade of defense and damage responses, including the oxidative stress. In our study, PSII inhibiting herbicide metribuzin was applied to the leaf of the model plant species Chenopodium album. The temporally and spatially resolved cascade of defense responses was studied noninvasively at the leaf level by combining three imaging approaches: Raman spectroscopy as a principal method, corroborated by chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) and infrared thermal imaging. ChlF imaging show time-dependent transport in acropetal direction through veins and increase of area affected by metribuzin and demonstrated the ability to distinguish between fast processes at the level of electron transport (1 − Vj) from slow processes at the level of non-photochemical energy dissipation (NPQ) or maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm). The high-resolution resonance Raman images show zones of local increase of carotenoid signal 72 h after the herbicide application, surrounding the damaged tissue, which points to the activation of defense mechanisms. The shift in the carotenoid band indicates structural changes in carotenoids. Finally, the increase of leaf temperature in the region surrounding the spot of herbicide application and expanding in the direction to the leaf tip proves the metribuzin effect on slow stomata closure.

scholarly journals Interrelation between Defensive Mechanisms and Coping Strategies in Psychiatry Trainees in Romania: A Multi-Centric Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca-Livia Panfil ◽  
Mirela Frandes ◽  
Aurel Nirestean ◽  
Marinela Hurmuz ◽  
Diana Lungeanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Avoidant Coping ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Defensive Mechanisms ◽  
And Coping

Abstract Background: The challenges that a professional face when working in the field of psychiatry require the development of adequate defensive and coping styles. Our study aimed to explore both the coping strategies and defense mechanisms and their relationship among psychiatry trainees in Romania.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine and to evaluate both defensive and coping styles of Romanian psychiatry trainees. DSQ-60 and COPE scales were applied to psychiatry trainees from five training centers in Romania. By applying structural equation modeling, we studied models that presumed the existence of relationships between coping strategies and defensive mechanisms. Results: The results of the study indicate that superior defense mechanisms and task-oriented coping style were the commonly used approach by trainees in psychiatry. Also, our findings show significantly consistent correlations (ranging from 0.2 to 0.5) between adaptive defense mechanisms and coping styles focused on the problem or the emotion. Similarly, the avoidant coping strategies correlated with non-adaptative defense styles (correlations between 0.3 and 0.5). Our model presented good fit indices, X2(34) = 64.324, p < 0.001; GFI = 0.93; RMSE = 0.08. Moreover, the results indicated a weak association, r = 0.07, p < 0.001, between the two types of adaptive processes.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that trainees in psychiatry present a profile based on two independent groups of adaptation processes, namely, adaptive defenses and problem-oriented coping scales, and non-adaptive defenses and avoidant coping scales.

scholarly journals Assessing personality change with Blatt's anaclitic and introjective configurations and Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure profiles: two case studies in psychodynamic treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osmano Oasi ◽  
Laura Buonarrivo ◽  
Alberto Codazzi ◽  
Margherita Passalacqua ◽  
Gio Matteo Risso Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Psychotherapy Process ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
One Year

A growing body of empirical and clinical research attests to the influence of personality features on the development, course and outcome of psychotherapy. Over the last four decades, Blatt adopted a psychoanalytic and cognitive developmental approach in developing a theoretically and empirically grounded two-configurations model of personality. The main aim of this study was to evaluate possible changes in anaclitic and introjective configurations – as measured by the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ) (Blatt, D’Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976) – set against simultaneous changes in personality profile measured by Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200). Two young patients, a man and a woman, characterized by different personality profiles – introjective and anaclitic, respectively – were assessed for one year in the context of a psychodynamic psychotherapy. A battery of instruments – Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders I and II, Defense Mechanism Rating Scale, DEQ and SWAP-200 – were administered at the beginning, during the assessment process, and after one year. Both patients displayed lower BDI-II scores, along with evident clinical progress. Defence profiles and Core Conflict Relationship Themes showed interesting developments, in keeping with the evolution of the psychotherapy process. Lastly, while DEQ profiles outlined substantial stability after one year, some important changes in SWAP-200 profiles – in particular with regard to Q factors – were observed. Although these findings should be considered as preliminary, these results appear to be consistent with the description of Self-criticism and Dependency as relatively stable personality dimensions. The potential influence of profile diversity – introjective vs anaclitic – on other key variables of the psychotherapy process is also discussed.

Memory Corruption Attacks, Defenses, and Evasions

2009 ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Carlo Belletini
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Buffer Overflow ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Mitigation Techniques ◽  
Defensive Mechanisms ◽  
Pure Data ◽  
Attack Data

The chapter introduces and describes representative defense mechanisms to protect from both basic and advanced exploitation of low-level coding vulnerabilities. Exploitation of low-level coding vulnerabilities has evolved from a basic stack-based buffer overflow with code injection to highly sophisticated attack techniques. In addition, pure-data attacks were demonstrated to be as efficient as control-data attacks and quite realistic. On the other hand research on assessment of the robustness of proposed mitigation techniques revealed various weaknesses in them leading to design and implementation of evasion techniques. Most of the defensive techniques protect only from a limited set of attack techniques, thus a defense employment requires multiple complementary mitigation techniques. Furthermore, there are few mitigation techniques designed to counter pure-data attacks. In response to these limitations, current research proposes better defensive mechanisms such as pointer taintedness detection and attack data burning capable of countering any kind of control-data or pure-data attack.

scholarly journals Defense mechanisms of persons with locomotor disabilities

2019 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Boban Eranimos ◽  
Surya Thankappan
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
World Health ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
World Population ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Locomotor Disability ◽  
Reaction Formation

Background: According to World Health Organization 1, billion people -15% of the World population lives with various disabilities. Disabilities restricts individual’s participation of social life and this create limiting the maximum utilization of resources and hence the person crippled with psychological issues. Persons with disabilities were used various defense mechanisms as coping strategies to survive and compensate with their disabilities. The present study investigates the types of defense mechanisms used by persons with locomotor disabilities. Materials and methods: The total sample consists of 100 participants which include 50 males and 50 females. Among them 46 participants were congenitally disabled and 54 were acquired disabled. The participant’s age ranges between 18-60 years. The descriptive survey method was used for the present study and purposive sampling method adopted for sample selection. Defensive Behaviour Rating Scale (Sathya Giri Rajan, 1991) was used for data collection. The data was analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16 for windows.   Results: Female participants with locomotor disability have reported more reaction formation than male participants with locomotor disability.  In the comparison of defense mechanisms of participants with locomotor disability with respect to their gender, male participants have reported more compensation, projection, identification, belittling and reaction formation and significantly lower repression than females. Females have reported significantly more daydreaming than males. Persons with congenital disability have higher sublimation than persons with an acquired disability. Conclusion: Researchers have long been fascinated by man’s defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are commonly used to protect the sense of self and help to defend people from painful emotions. In the present study, the investigator attempts to find out defense mechanisms of persons with locomotor disability and evaluation were made how they cope with the situation in relation to their nature of disability. The present study found that people with locomotor disability use both adaptive and maladaptive defense mechanisms, predominantly maladaptive defenses.

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