scholarly journals ARCHITETTURA MOLECOLARE DI FATTORI DI TRASCRIZIONE DEL DNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Nardini
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
And Function

Transcription factors are proteins involved in one of the most important molecular processes in living cells: the expression of genes through a mechanism called “transcription”. Transcription factors, their structure, and function are the topic of the seminar which also includes an overview of the current level of knowledge, the potentialities and problems in this research field, and the possible applications.

scholarly journals The essential activities of the bacterial sigma factor

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Davis ◽  
Christopher A. Kesthely ◽  
Emily A. Franklin ◽  
Shawn R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
General Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcription Process ◽  
Promoter Dna ◽  
And Function

Transcription is the first and most heavily regulated step in gene expression. Sigma (σ) factors are general transcription factors that reversibly bind RNA polymerase (RNAP) and mediate transcription of all genes in bacteria. σ Factors play 3 major roles in the RNA synthesis initiation process: they (i) target RNAP holoenzyme to specific promoters, (ii) melt a region of double-stranded promoter DNA and stabilize it as a single-stranded open complex, and (iii) interact with other DNA-binding transcription factors to contribute complexity to gene expression regulation schemes. Recent structural studies have demonstrated that when σ factors bind promoter DNA, they capture 1 or more nucleotides that are flipped out of the helical DNA stack and this stabilizes the promoter open-complex intermediate that is required for the initiation of RNA synthesis. This review describes the structure and function of the σ70 family of σ proteins and the essential roles they play in the transcription process.

Illuminating cellular structure and function in the early secretory pathway by multispectral 3D imaging in living cells

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Rietdorf ◽  
David J. Stephens ◽  
Anthony Squire ◽  
Jeremy Simpson ◽  
David T. Shima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Structure ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Early Secretory Pathway ◽  
And Function

Expanding the genetic code of mammalian cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Italia ◽  
Yunan Zheng ◽  
Rachel E. Kelemen ◽  
Sarah B. Erickson ◽  
Partha S. Addy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Unnatural Amino Acid ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Small Footprint ◽  
And Function

In the last two decades, unnatural amino acid (UAA) mutagenesis has emerged as a powerful new method to probe and engineer protein structure and function. This technology enables precise incorporation of a rapidly expanding repertoire of UAAs into predefined sites of a target protein expressed in living cells. Owing to the small footprint of these genetically encoded UAAs and the large variety of enabling functionalities they offer, this technology has tremendous potential for deciphering the delicate and complex biology of the mammalian cells. Over the last few years, exciting progress has been made toward expanding the toolbox of genetically encoded UAAs in mammalian cells, improving the efficiency of their incorporation and developing innovative applications. Here, we provide our perspective on these recent developments and highlight the current challenges that must be overcome to realize the full potential of this technology.

scholarly journals RNA interactomics: recent advances and remaining challenges

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Schönberger ◽  
Christoph Schaal ◽  
Richard Schäfer ◽  
Björn Voß
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Rna Duplexes ◽  
And Function

Tight regulation of cellular processes is key to the development of complex organisms but also vital for simpler ones. During evolution, different regulatory systems have emerged, among them RNA-based regulation that is carried out mainly by intramolecular and intermolecular RNA–RNA interactions. However, methods for the transcriptome-wide detection of these interactions were long unavailable. Recently, three publications described high-throughput methods to directly detect RNA duplexes in living cells. This promises to enable in-depth studies of RNA-based regulation and will narrow the gaps in our understanding of RNA structure and function. In this review, we highlight the benefits of these methods and their commonalities and differences and, in particular, point to methodological shortcomings that hamper their wider application. We conclude by presenting ideas for how to overcome these problems and commenting on the prospects we see in this area of research.

scholarly journals De novovesicle formation and growth: an integrative approach to artificial cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 7912-7922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahanjit Bhattacharya ◽  
Roberto J. Brea ◽  
Neal K. Devaraj
Keyword(s):  
Living Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Artificial Cells ◽  
Synthetic Membranes ◽  
And Function

The assembly of synthetic membranes provides a powerful tool to reconstruct the structure and function of living cells.

scholarly journals Polewards microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle: evidence from photoactivation of fluorescence.

1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Mitchison
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Tissue Culture Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Spindle Structure

I have synthesized a novel derivative of carboxyfluorescein that is nonfluorescent, but can be converted to a fluorescent form by exposure to 365-nm light. This photoactivable, fluorescent probe was covalently attached to tubulin and microinjected into mitotic tissue culture cells, where it incorporated into functional spindles. To generate a fluorescent bar across the mitotic spindle, metaphase cells were irradiated with a slit microbeam. This bar decreased in intensity over the first minute, presumably due to turnover of nonkinetochore microtubules. The remaining fluorescent zones, now presumably restricted to kinetochore microtubules, moved polewards at 0.3-0.7 microns/min. This result provides strong evidence for polewards flux in kinetochore microtubules. In conjunction with earlier biotin-tubulin incorporation experiments (Mitchison, T. J., L. Evans, E. Schulze, and M. Kirschner. 1986. Cell. 45:515-527), I conclude that microtubules polymerize at kinetochores and depolymerize near the poles throughout metaphase. The significance of this observation for spindle structure and function is discussed. Local photoactivation of fluorescence should be a generally useful method for following molecular dynamics inside living cells.

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