Association Between Pain Catastrophizing and Pain and Cardiovascular Changes During a Cold-Pressor Test in Athletes

Context Athletes are often exposed to pain due to injury and competition. Using preliminary evidence, researchers have shown that cardiovascular measures could be an objective measure of pain, but the cardiovascular response can be influenced by psychological factors, such as catastrophizing. Objective To use a painful cold-pressor test (CPT) to measure the relationship among catastrophizing, pain, and cardiovascular variables in athletes. Design Cohort study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 36 male rugby athletes (age = 24.0 ± 4.6 years, height = 180.0 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 90.5 ± 13.8 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) We measured catastrophizing using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and pain using a numeric pain rating scale. Cardiovascular measures were heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate variability. Results During the CPT, participants experienced increases in pain (from 0 to 4.1 ± 2.2), systolic blood pressure (from 126.7 ± 16.5 to 149.7 ± 23.4 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (from 76.9 ± 8.3 to 91.9 ± 11.5 mm Hg), and heart rate variability (from 0.0164 ± 0.0121 to 0.0400 ± 0.0323 milliseconds; all P values < .001). In addition, we observed a decrease in heart rate after the CPT (P = .04). We found a correlation between athletes' pain catastrophizing and both pain intensity and change in heart rate during the CPT (P = .02 and P = .003, respectively). Linear regression indicated that pain and catastrophizing explained 29% of the variance in the change in heart rate (P = .003). Conclusions Athletes who had catastrophizing thoughts were more likely to experience higher levels of pain and a greater cardiovascular response during a painful stimulus. The change in cardiovascular variables may be a good objective measure of pain in athletes in the future.

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Pain catastrophizing in athletes correlates with pain and cardiovascular changes during a painful cold pressor test

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/16-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lentini Matylda ◽

Scalia Joseph ◽

Berger Lebel Frédérike ◽

Touma Fadi ◽

Jhajj Aneet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Cardiovascular Response ◽

Pain Catastrophizing ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Objective Measure ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Pressor Test ◽

Cardiovascular Variables

Abstract Context: Athletes are often exposed to pain due to injury and competition. There is preliminary evidence that cardiovascular measures could be an objective measure of pain, but the cardiovascular response can be influenced by psychological factors such as catastrophizing. Objectives: The purpose of our study was to use a painful cold pressor test to measure the relationship between catastrophizing, pain, and cardiovascular variables in athletes. Design: Pre-post test. Setting: We completed all measures in a laboratory setting. Participants: Thirty-six male rugby athletes participated in the study. Main outcome measures: We measured catastrophizing with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and pain with a Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Cardiovascular measures included heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate variability. Results: During the cold pressor test, participants experienced a significant increase in pain (0 to 4.1±2.2), systolic blood pressure (126.7±16.5mm Hg to 149.7±23.4mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (76.9±8.3mm Hg to 91.9±11.5mm Hg) and heart rate variability (from 0.0164ms±0.0121 to 0.0400ms±0.0323) (all p<.001). In addition, there was a significant decrease in heart rate after the cold pressor test (p=0.04). There was a significant correlation between athlete's pain catastrophizing to both pain intensity and change in heart rate during the cold pressor test (p=.017 and p=.003 respectively). A significant linear regression indicated pain and catastrophizing explained 29% of the variance of the change in heart rate (p=.003). Conclusion: Athletes who have catastrophizing thoughts are more likely to experience higher levels of pain and a greater cardiovascular response during a painful stimulus. The change in cardiovascular variables may be a good alternative for an objective measure of pain in athletes in the future.

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Day-by-day variability of self-measured blood pressure at home associated with cold pressor test norepinephrine, and heart rate variability in normotensive to moderate hypertensive

International Journal of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.071 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 168 (4) ◽

pp. 4574-4576 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zhendong Liu ◽

Fang Wei ◽

Yingxin Zhao ◽

Fanghong Lu ◽

Hua Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Pressor Test ◽

Day By Day ◽

At Home

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Effect of Cold Stress and the Cold Pressor Test on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

International Archives of BioMedical and Clinical Research ◽

10.21276/iabcr.2016.2.2.14 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hajra Banoo

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Pressor Test

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Contactless analysis of heart rate variability during cold pressor test using radar interferometry and bidirectional LSTM networks

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81101-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kilin Shi ◽

Tobias Steigleder ◽

Sven Schellenberger ◽

Fabian Michler ◽

Anke Malessa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Dynamic Change ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Contactless Measurement ◽

Pressor Test ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Bidirectional Lstm ◽

Lstm Network

AbstractContactless measurement of heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects changes of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and provides crucial information on the health status of a person, would provide great benefits for both patients and doctors during prevention and aftercare. However, gold standard devices to record the HRV, such as the electrocardiograph, have the common disadvantage that they need permanent skin contact with the patient. Being connected to a monitoring device by cable reduces the mobility, comfort, and compliance by patients. Here, we present a contactless approach using a 24 GHz Six-Port-based radar system and an LSTM network for radar heart sound segmentation. The best scores are obtained using a two-layer bidirectional LSTM architecture. To verify the performance of the proposed system not only in a static measurement scenario but also during a dynamic change of HRV parameters, a stimulation of the ANS through a cold pressor test is integrated in the study design. A total of 638 minutes of data is gathered from 25 test subjects and is analysed extensively. High F-scores of over 95% are achieved for heartbeat detection. HRV indices such as HF norm are extracted with relative errors around 5%. Our proposed approach is capable to perform contactless and convenient HRV monitoring and is therefore suitable for long-term recordings in clinical environments and home-care scenarios.

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Variability of the haemodynamic responses to laboratory tests employed in assessment of neural cardiovascular regulation in man

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0690533 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 533-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Gianfranco Parati ◽

Guido Pomidossi ◽

Agustin Ramirez ◽

Bruno Cesana ◽

Giuseppe Mancia

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Test Performance ◽

Blood Pressure Response ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Cardiovascular Regulation ◽

Pressor Test ◽

Carotid Baroreceptor ◽

Baroreceptor Stimulation

1. In man evaluation of neural cardiovascular regulation makes use of a variety of tests which address the excitatory and reflex inhibitory neural influences that control circulation. Because interpretation of these tests is largely based on the magnitude of the elicited haemodynamic responses, their reproducibility in any given subject is critical. 2. In 39 subjects with continuous blood pressure (intra-arterial catheter) and heart rate monitoring we measured (i) the blood pressure and heart rate rises during hand-grip and cold-pressor test, (ii) the heart rate changes occurring during baroreceptor stimulation and deactivation by injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine, and (iii) the heart rate and blood pressure changes occurring with alteration in carotid baroreceptor activity by a neck chamber. Each test was carefully standardized and performed at 30 min intervals for a total of six times in each subject. 3. The results showed that the responses to any test were clearly different from one another and that this occurred in all subjects studied. For the group as a whole the average response variability (coefficient of variation) ranged from 10.2% for the blood pressure response to carotid baroreceptor stimulation to 44.2% for the heart rate response to cold-pressor test. The variability of the responses was not related to basal blood pressure or heart rate, nor to the temporal sequence of the test performance. 4. Thus tests employed for studying neural cardiovascular control in man produce responses whose reproducibility is limited. This phenomenon may make it more difficult to define the response magnitude typical of each subject, as well as its comparison in different conditions and diseases.

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A pilot study investigating the relationship between heart rate variability and blood pressure in young adults at risk for cardiovascular disease

Clinical Hypertension ◽

10.1186/s40885-021-00185-z ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Linda P. Bolin ◽

Amelia D. Saul ◽

Lauren L. Bethune Scroggs ◽

Carolyn Horne

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Family History ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Biofeedback Training ◽

Paced Breathing ◽

History Of

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death globally with hypertension being a primary cause of premature death from this disease process. Individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease and hypertension are at a greater risk for developing the same sequela. Autonomic cardiac control is important in the level of cardiac function. One intervention that is effective in improving cardiovascular function is heart rate variability biofeedback training. The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of heart rate biofeedback training on HRV and blood pressure in individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease. Methods Thirty-four participants (76.5% female, 22.7 ± 4.3 years) completed a baseline assessment and training using an established short-term HRV protocol followed by two weeks of at-home paced breathing employing a smartphone application. The participants were then reassessed in a biofeedback clinic. Results The participants physiological measures showed a significant increase in means between pre and post intervention of SDNN (t (32) = 2.177, p =.037) and TP, (t (32) = 2.327 p = .026). Correlation noted a medium effect on diastolic blood pressure and high frequency heart rate variability, F, r = .41, n =33, p < .05. A multiple regression with all predictor variables in the model found no significance with diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions The findings from this pilot study demonstrated that a two-week paced breathing intervention may assist in reducing heart rate and diastolic blood pressure while improving heart rate variability.

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Study of Effect of Shavasana on Handgrip and Cold Pressor Test on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in Young Adults

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2020/323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (18) ◽

pp. 1480-1483

Author(s):

Sandip R Sardessai ◽

Sanjay S Pandarbale

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Pressor Test

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Exploring the relationship between schizophrenia and cardiovascular disease: A genetic correlation and multivariable Mendelian randomization study

10.1101/2021.07.09.21260260 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rada R Veeneman ◽

Jentien M Vermeulen ◽

Abdel Abdellaoui ◽

Eleanor Sanderson ◽

Robyn E Wootton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Lipid Levels ◽

Early Repolarization ◽

Artery Disease

Importance: Individuals with schizophrenia have a reduced life-expectancy compared to the general population, largely due to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and epidemiological studies have been unable to fully unravel the nature of this relationship. Objective: Investigate genetic correlations and potential bi-directional effects between liability to schizophrenia and CVD. Design, setting, and participants: We obtained summary-data of genome-wide-association studies of schizophrenia (N=130,644), heart failure (N=977,323), coronary artery disease (N=332,477), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (N=757,601), heart rate variability (N=46,952), QT interval (N=103,331), early repolarization and dilated cardiomyopathy ECG patterns (N=63,700). We computed genetic correlations with linkage disequilibrium score regression and conducted bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR). With multivariable MR, we investigated whether associations were mediated by smoking, body mass index, physical activity, lipid levels, or type 2 diabetes. To ensure robustness, we applied a range of sensitivity methods. Main outcomes and measures: Schizophrenia, heart failure, coronary artery disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability, QT interval, early repolarization, dilated cardiomyopathy. Results: Genetic correlations between liability to schizophrenia and CVD were close to zero (-0.02 to 0.04). With MR, we found robust evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases heart failure risk. This effect remained consistent with multivariable MR. There was also evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases early repolarization risk, largely mediated by BMI and lipid levels. Finally, there was evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases heart rate variability, a direction of effect contrasting previous studies. In the other direction, there was weak evidence that higher systolic, but not diastolic, blood pressure increases schizophrenia risk. Conclusions and relevance: Our findings indicate that liability to schizophrenia increases the risk of heart failure, and that this is not mediated by key health behaviours. This is consistent with the notion that schizophrenia is characterised by a systemic dysregulation of the body (including inflammation and oxidative stress) with detrimental effects on the heart. To decrease cardiovascular mortality among schizophrenia patients, priority should lie with optimal treatment and interventions in early stages of psychoses. We also identified early repolarization, currently understudied, as a potential CVD marker among patients with schizophrenia.

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