scholarly journals The Role of Carnitine Orotate Complex in Fatty Liver

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 866-867
Author(s):  
Hyon-Seung Yi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver

The role of cytochrome P-4502E1 in the progression of alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Qin ◽  
K Glassen ◽  
G Millonig ◽  
KB Linhart ◽  
H Bartsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Semi-Quantitative Ultrasonographic Evaluation of NAFLD

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (32) ◽  
pp. 3915-3927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ballestri ◽  
Claudio Tana ◽  
Maria Di Girolamo ◽  
Maria Cristina Fontana ◽  
Mariano Capitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Progressive Liver Disease

: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) embraces histopathological entities ranging from the relatively benign simple steatosis to the progressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with fibrosis and an increased risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is the most common liver disease and is associated with extrahepatic comorbidities including a major cardiovascular disease burden. : The non-invasive diagnosis of NAFLD and the identification of subjects at risk of progressive liver disease and cardio-metabolic complications are key in implementing personalized treatment schedules and follow-up strategies. : In this review, we highlight the potential role of ultrasound semiquantitative scores for detecting and assessing steatosis severity, progression of NAFLD, and cardio-metabolic risk. : Ultrasonographic scores of fatty liver severity act as sensors of cardio-metabolic health and may assist in selecting patients to submit to second-line non-invasive imaging techniques and/or liver biopsy.

scholarly journals The Role of the Transsulfuration Pathway in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1081
Author(s):  
Mikkel Parsberg Werge ◽  
Adrian McCann ◽  
Elisabeth Douglas Galsgaard ◽  
Dorte Holst ◽  
Anne Bugge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Transsulfuration Pathway ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and approximately 25% of the global population may have NAFLD. NAFLD is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, but its pathophysiology is complex and only partly understood. The transsulfuration pathway (TSP) is a metabolic pathway regulating homocysteine and cysteine metabolism and is vital in controlling sulfur balance in the organism. Precise control of this pathway is critical for maintenance of optimal cellular function. The TSP is closely linked to other pathways such as the folate and methionine cycles, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH) production. Impaired activity of the TSP will cause an increase in homocysteine and a decrease in cysteine levels. Homocysteine will also be increased due to impairment of the folate and methionine cycles. The key enzymes of the TSP, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), are highly expressed in the liver and deficient CBS and CSE expression causes hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in animal models. A causative link between the TSP and NAFLD has not been established. However, dysfunctions in the TSP and related pathways, in terms of enzyme expression and the plasma levels of the metabolites (e.g., homocysteine, cystathionine, and cysteine), have been reported in NAFLD and liver cirrhosis in both animal models and humans. Further investigation of the TSP in relation to NAFLD may reveal mechanisms involved in the development and progression of NAFLD.

The role of microRNA-33 as a key regulator in hepatic lipogenesis signaling and a potential serological biomarker for NAFLD with excessive dietary fructose consumption in C57BL/6N mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Hoon Pan ◽  
Hanvit Cha ◽  
Jingsi Tang ◽  
Seoyoon Lee ◽  
Suk Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Hepatic Lipogenesis ◽  
Dietary Fructose

Fructose-induced hepatic miR-33 suppression lead to fatty liver via upregulation of SREBP1. Additionally, fructose-induced hepatic ferroptosis may cause a spill-over of miR-33 into blood stream, which could be a potential serological biomarker for fructose-induced NAFLD.

scholarly journals Role of PEG35, Mitochondrial ALDH2, and Glutathione in Cold Fatty Liver Graft Preservation: An IGL-2 Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5332
Author(s):  
Raquel G. Bardallo ◽  
Rui Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Teresa Carbonell ◽  
Emma Folch-Puy ◽  
Carlos Palmeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Liver Graft ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Graft Preservation ◽  
Preservation Solutions ◽  
Microcirculatory Disturbances ◽  
Organ Recovery ◽  
Surgical Manipulations

The total damage inflicted on the liver before transplantation is associated with several surgical manipulations, such as organ recovery, washout of the graft, cold conservation in organ preservation solutions (UW, Celsior, HTK, IGL-1), and rinsing of the organ before implantation. Polyethylene glycol 35 (PEG35) is the oncotic agent present in the IGL-1 solution, which is an alternative to UW and Celsior solutions in liver clinical transplantation. In a model of cold preservation in rats (4 °C; 24 h), we evaluated the effects induced by PEG35 on detoxifying enzymes and nitric oxide, comparing IGL-1 to IGL-0 (which is the same as IGL-1 without PEG). The benefits were also assessed in a new IGL-2 solution characterized by increased concentrations of PEG35 (from 1 g/L to 5 g/L) and glutathione (from 3 mmol/L to 9 mmol/L) compared to IGL-1. We demonstrated that PEG35 promoted the mitochondrial enzyme ALDH2, and in combination with glutathione, prevented the formation of toxic aldehyde adducts (measured as 4-hydroxynonenal) and oxidized proteins (AOPP). In addition, PEG35 promoted the vasodilator factor nitric oxide, which may improve the microcirculatory disturbances in steatotic grafts during preservation and revascularization. All of these results lead to a reduction in damage inflicted on the fatty liver graft during the cold storage preservation. In this communication, we report on the benefits of IGL-2 in hypothermic static preservation, which has already been proved to confer benefits in hypothermic oxygenated dynamic preservation. Hence, the data reported here reinforce the fact that IGL-2 is a suitable alternative to be used as a unique solution/perfusate when hypothermic static and preservation strategies are used, either separately or combined, easing the logistics and avoiding the mixture of different solutions/perfusates, especially when fatty liver grafts are used. Further research regarding new therapeutic and pharmacological insights is needed to explore the underlying mitochondrial mechanisms exerted by PEG35 in static and dynamic graft preservation strategies for clinical liver transplantation purposes.

scholarly journals Role of Insulin Resistance in MAFLD

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4156
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Sakurai ◽  
Naoto Kubota ◽  
Toshimasa Yamauchi ◽  
Takashi Kadowaki
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Fat Accumulation

Many studies have reported that metabolic dysfunction is closely involved in the complex mechanism underlying the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has prompted a movement to consider renaming NAFLD as metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Metabolic dysfunction in this context encompasses obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, with insulin resistance as the common underlying pathophysiology. Imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in insulin resistance in various tissues and alteration of the gut microbiota, resulting in fat accumulation in the liver. The role of genetics has also been revealed in hepatic fat accumulation and fibrosis. In the process of fat accumulation in the liver, intracellular damage as well as hepatic insulin resistance further potentiates inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Increased lipogenic substrate supply from other tissues, hepatic zonation of Irs1, and other factors, including ER stress, play crucial roles in increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis in MAFLD with hepatic insulin resistance. Herein, we provide an overview of the factors contributing to and the role of systemic and local insulin resistance in the development and progression of MAFLD.

scholarly journals The Role of Oxidative Stress in NAFLD–NASH–HCC Transition—Focus on NADPH Oxidases

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Daniela Gabbia ◽  
Luana Cannella ◽  
Sara De De Martin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A peculiar role for oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its transition to the inflammatory complication non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as well as in its threatening evolution to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is supported by numerous experimental and clinical studies. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose abundance in liver cells is closely related to inflammation and immune responses. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding this topic, focusing on the role of NOXs in the different stages of fatty liver disease and describing the current knowledge about their mechanisms of action. We conclude that, although there is a consensus that NOX-produced ROS are toxic in non-neoplastic conditions due to their role in the inflammatory vicious cycle sustaining the transition of NAFLD to NASH, their effect is controversial in the neoplastic transition towards HCC. In this regard, there are indications of a differential effect of NOX isoforms, since NOX1 and NOX2 play a detrimental role, whereas increased NOX4 expression appears to be correlated with better HCC prognosis in some studies. Further studies are needed to fully unravel the mechanisms of action of NOXs and their relationships with the signaling pathways modulating steatosis and liver cancer development.

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