A critical evaluation of the proposed treatment of special cost advantages in excessive prices law

Firms have a special cost advantage when they receive a discount or subsidy without assuming any risk or without being innovative. It is thus a received benefit, rather than an earned benefit, which results in a cost below the normal competitive level. The treatment of these special cost advantages has been a complicating factor when the firm in question is a dominant firm accused of charging an excessive price. The relevant benchmark against which to assess the price charged by the firm is the notional competitive market price, which in turn is linked to the cost of production under competitive conditions. This led to the Competition Appeal Court recommending that special cost advantages should be excluded from the cost build-up of the dominant firm when assessing excessive prices allegations. This would artificially inflate the dominant firm’s costs and reduce the likelihood of a finding against the firm. This recommendation by the CAC has a number of theoretical and practical problems, and it remains unclear how special cost advantages should be treated in South African competition law cases.

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Trend in Cost of Cultivation of Sorghum in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States of India

Economic Affairs ◽

10.46852/0424-2513.4.2020.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Perka Shiva Kumar

Keyword(s):

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Large Scale ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Market Price ◽

Fixed Costs ◽

Processing Technologies ◽

Cost Of Production ◽

The Government ◽

Log Linear ◽

The Cost

Area and production of Sorghum in Andhra Pradesh state increased by 6.8% and 9.7% but decreased by 12.1% and 9.8% in Telangana state, respectively since the last few years whereas the average yield was increased by 2.6% in both the states. The cost of production of sorghum was raised by 11-14% but the market price was increased by 7.5% only. Cost of production C2 was overlapped with the market price up to 2012-13 but later on, the market price was lower than C2 whereas the cost of production A2 overlapped with Minimum Support Price up to 2011-12 but MSP was quite higher after 2011-12. Operational costs ranged from 62-66% and fixed costs are 34-38% out of the total cost of cultivation of sorghum. The inverse relationship between yield and cost of production has proved in the log-linear regression model at 5% level of significance, due to low productivity of crop, still, there is need to develop High Yielding Varieties at State Agriculture Universities of both the states, modern technologies are to be adopted by the farmers to improve the productivity. In view of the importance of crops the government has to raise the remunerative market price and public awareness is to be created about the nutritional importance of crops so that the cropped area might be increased. Processing industries are to be encouraged on a large scale which generates employment for the rural youth; some more need-based processing technologies are to be developed at research institutes.

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Predatory Pricing Under the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act of 2019 of Nigeria: An Unfinished Business

The Antitrust Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0003603x211045437 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0003603X2110454

Author(s):

Wiseman Ubochioma

Keyword(s):

Consumer Protection ◽

Competition Law ◽

Unfinished Business ◽

Predatory Pricing ◽

Dominant Firm ◽

Consumer Protection Act ◽

Legal Standard ◽

Market Practices ◽

The Cost ◽

Protection Commission

Predatory pricing is one of the market practices that are prohibited in competition law. It occurs when a dominant firm sells its product at an unreasonably low price in order to eliminate competitors from the market. The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act, 2019 of Nigeria prohibits this practice. This article, therefore, examines predatory pricing under the Act. It argues that the prescription of the cost-based principles of marginal and average cost as sole determinants of predatory pricing under the Act would not provide the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) and courts with the appropriate legal standard in determining predatory pricing. It suggests that the provision of the law should be reformed to include the principle of recoupment as a legal standard for imposing liability for the practice against defaulting firms. This will assist the FCCPC and courts to distinguish pro-competitive predatory pricing from anticompetitive predatory pricing.

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ANYONE FOR A GAME OF MONOPOLY™?* A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE EVERINCREASING COMMERCIALIZATION OF MAJOR SPORTING EVENTS PART 1: AN OVERVIEW OF AMBUSH MARKETING IN SPORT

Obiter ◽

10.17159/obiter.v31i1.12377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andre M Louw ◽

Daniel Areias

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

South African ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Competition Law ◽

Sporting Events ◽

South African Context ◽

The South ◽

Ambush Marketing ◽

African Context ◽

The Creation

This is the first part of a three-part article which critically evaluates the everincreasing trend of commercial monopolization of major sporting events by sports governing bodies and their commercial partners such as sponsors. This first part of the article will provide a background description of the various forms of protection against ambush marketing of events, as an area where such increased calls for the creation and ring-fencing of commercial rights to events have been (and remains) at the forefront. The second part of the article will evaluate the legitimacy of such protections (especially in the form of special legislation) critically in the context of such commercial monopolization, with reference to constitutional, intellectual property and competition-law arguments in the South African context, and will conclude with some observations regarding current developments elsewhere.

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IMPLEMENTASI JOB ORDER COSTING METHOD DALAM PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI MAP

eBA Journal: Journal Economics, Bussines and Accounting ◽

10.32492/eba.v4i2.613 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 43-55

Author(s):

Ika Yulianti ◽

Endah Masrunik ◽

Anam Miftakhul Huda ◽

Diana Elvianita

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Production Cost ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Cost Data ◽

Method Calculation ◽

Cost Of Production ◽

The Right ◽

The Cost

This study aims to find a comparison of the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured in the CV. Mitra Setia Blitar uses the company's method and uses the Job Order Costing (JOC) method. The method used in this study is quantitative. The types of data used are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data is in the form of map production cost data while qualitative data is in the form of information about map production process. The result of calculating the cost of production of the map between the two methods results in a difference of Rp. 306. Calculation using the company method is more expensive than using the Job Order Costing method. Calculation of cost of goods manufactured using the company method is Rp. 2,205,000, - or Rp. 2,205, - each unit. While using the Job Order Costing (JOC) method is Rp. 1,899,000, - or Rp 1,899, - each unit. So that the right method used in calculating the cost of production is the Job Order Costing (JOC) method

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ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DAN PENENTUAN HARGA JUAL ATAS PRODUK (Studi Kasus Pada PT Dasa Windu Agung)

Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT ◽

10.36226/jrmb.v1i2.23 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 183-190

Author(s):

Dwi Urip Wardoyo

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Automotive Components ◽

Convenience Sampling ◽

Cost Of Production ◽

The Cost ◽

Keywords Cost

This study aims to determine the determination of the cost of production for products produced by PT. DWA. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing industry specialized in automotive components. Its activity is carried out through a series of production processes, so that expenses spent in the production will be calculated into the cost of the production sold. The population in this study were all manufacturing companies in Jakarta. Convenience sampling method selected one of the companies that get the confidence to assemble three national car project in Indonesia, namely Timor, Bakrie and Maleo. Test analysis used in this study is to test the calculation of full costing with job order costing. This study shows that (a) determination of the cost elements associated with the cost of production and (b) determining the cost of production on a product-based job costing with full costing approach. Keywords: cost of production, full costing

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A study of cane supply benefits associated with ad hoc mechanical harvesting to mitigate cutter absenteeism

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si14370 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 532-538 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Kadwa ◽

Carel N Bezuidenhout

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

South African ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Sugar Mill ◽

The South ◽

Optimum Performance ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Cane Quality ◽

The Cost

The Eston Sugar Mill is the newest in the South African KwaZulu-Natal sugar belt. Like most other mills, it can be argued that there are inefficiencies in the supply chain due to systematic issues, which reduce optimum performance. It was alleged that mill processes are slowed, or stopped, on Sundays, Mondays, as well as some Tuesdays and Wednesdays, due to pay-weekends, because of the associated cutter absenteeism. This increases the length of the milling season (LOMS), increases milling costs and reduces the average cane quality for the season. Data on cane deliveries to the Eston Mill, over a period of five seasons, were analysed to study the magnitude of the problem. It was statistically verified that cane shortages occur immediately after payweekends and it was conservatively estimated that cutter absenteeism occurs between 25–29 days per season, which increases the LOMS by six to ten days. The associated cost of this problem equated to an average of US$159,500 (approximately EUR120,000) per milling season. In this paper, an alternative harvesting system scenario is suggested, assuming that mechanical harvesters be used after a pay-weekend, to mitigate the impacts of cutter shortages. However, the solution is calculated to be risky. When the cost of new equipment was considered, only two of the five seasons were able to justify the associated costs.

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PP581 Catastrophic Costs Of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Estimation Based On The Cost Of Treatment In China

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462320002032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (S1) ◽

pp. 43-43

Author(s):

Lijun Shen ◽

Shangshang Gu ◽

Fan Zhang ◽

Zhao Liu ◽

Yuehua Liu

Keyword(s):

Market Price ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Policy Support ◽

World Health ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Mdr Tb ◽

Drug Affordability ◽

The Cost

IntroductionChina bears a considerably high burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Second-line anti-TB drugs are urgently needed yet domestic MDR-TB drugs are expensive and lack policy support. Patients’ living conditions are closely related to the drug affordability. The national TB prevention programs should play a critical role. The purpose of this study is to measure the cost of treating MDR-TB patients under different treatment schemes and price sources. The results of this study are expected to inform the relevant drug protection policies and provide inputs for further cost-effectiveness analyses.MethodsBased on the treatment plan of China's Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Clinical Path (2012 edition) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Guide (2018 edition), the treatment costs of MDR-TB were measured under different scenarios. Catastrophic health expenditure was then calculated if the treatment cost exceeds 40 percent of the household's non-subsistence income. National, rural and disposable income per capita in 2018, were used to represent Chinese patients’ affordability.ResultsUnder varied treatment schemes and market price sources in China, the total costs for MDR-TB patients range from 19,401 to 126,703 CNY [2,853 to 18,633 USD] per person. Under current prices, all treatment schemes recommended by the WHO will incur catastrophic costs for Chinese MDR-TB patients. Significant differences were found between rural and urban areas as 52.8 percent of the treatment listed in the 2012 China Guideline would lead to catastrophic cost for rural patients but not urban ones.ConclusionsOur study concludes that the domestic drugs are more expensive than the international purchase price and the treatment of MDR-TB imposes substantial economic burden on patients, especially in the rural areas. The results of the study also indicate that it is urgent for the state to emphasize government responsibility and initiate centralized procurement for price negotiations to reduce the market price of MDR-TB drugs. The urban-rural gap should also be addressed in the design of future policies to ensure the drug affordability for all patients in need.

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Backward-forward linear-quadratic mean-field Stackelberg games

Advances in Difference Equations ◽

10.1186/s13662-021-03236-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kehan Si ◽

Zhen Wu

Keyword(s):

Large Population ◽

Consistency Condition ◽

Market Price ◽

Mean Field ◽

Mapping Method ◽

Open Loop ◽

Stackelberg Games ◽

Linear Quadratic ◽

Population System ◽

The Cost

AbstractThis paper studies a controlled backward-forward linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) large population system in Stackelberg games. The leader agent is of backward state and follower agents are of forward state. The leader agent is dominating as its state enters those of follower agents. On the other hand, the state-average of all follower agents affects the cost functional of the leader agent. In reality, the leader and the followers may represent two typical types of participants involved in market price formation: the supplier and producers. This differs from standard MFG literature and is mainly due to the Stackelberg structure here. By variational analysis, the consistency condition system can be represented by some fully-coupled backward-forward stochastic differential equations (BFSDEs) with high dimensional block structure in an open-loop sense. Next, we discuss the well-posedness of such a BFSDE system by virtue of the contraction mapping method. Consequently, we obtain the decentralized strategies for the leader and follower agents which are proved to satisfy the ε-Nash equilibrium property.

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The Engineering Design of Helical Spur Gear Transmission with Single Gear Pair for Electric Scooter

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.374 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 764-765 ◽

pp. 374-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Long Chang Hsieh ◽

Tzu Hsia Chen ◽

Hsiu Chen Tang

Keyword(s):

Engineering Design ◽

Spur Gear ◽

Gear Transmission ◽

Reduction Ratio ◽

Gear Pair ◽

Engineering Drawing ◽

Electric Scooter ◽

High Reduction ◽

Cost Of Production ◽

The Cost

Traditionally, the reduction ratio of a spur gear pair is limited to 4 ~ 7. For a spur gear transmission with reduction ratio more than 7, it is necessary to have more than two gear pairs. Consider the cost of production, this paper proposes a helical spur gear reducer with one gear pair having reduction ratio 19.25 to substitute the gear reducer with two gear pairs. Based on the involute theorem, the gear data of helical spur gear pair is obtained. According to the gear data, its corresponding engineering drawing is accomplished. This manuscript verify that one spur gear pair also can have high reduction ratio (20 ~ 30).

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