Expansion of the Low-Risk Substances in the Framework of the European Pesticide Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009

Signed in 2009, the plant protection Commission Regulation EC No 1107/2009 created a new category of active substances, the low-risk substances, with specific status defined in Article 22. The initial and specific criteria, not suitable for microorganisms and natural substances, were modified in 2018, and the first low-risk substance, allocating Part D of Regulation EC No 540/2011, was granted in the same year. Since then, thirty-three low-risk substances have been granted with this specific status through approvals and renewals, while a larger list of potential low-risk substances from already-approved active substances was published. This list is only exploited during renewals, and this process would take another five years to complete. After four years of the implementation of this status, the number of such substances is still low, but is intended to increase slowly. Two more low-risk substances are already pending in 2021, which will bring the number of low-risk substances to thirty-five, while the initial list of potential low-risk substances (only renewals) included fifty-seven substances.

Predatory Pricing Under the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act of 2019 of Nigeria: An Unfinished Business

Predatory pricing is one of the market practices that are prohibited in competition law. It occurs when a dominant firm sells its product at an unreasonably low price in order to eliminate competitors from the market. The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act, 2019 of Nigeria prohibits this practice. This article, therefore, examines predatory pricing under the Act. It argues that the prescription of the cost-based principles of marginal and average cost as sole determinants of predatory pricing under the Act would not provide the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) and courts with the appropriate legal standard in determining predatory pricing. It suggests that the provision of the law should be reformed to include the principle of recoupment as a legal standard for imposing liability for the practice against defaulting firms. This will assist the FCCPC and courts to distinguish pro-competitive predatory pricing from anticompetitive predatory pricing.

Tantangan Guru Kristen Dalam Mendidik Karakter Siswa Melalui Pendidikan Karakter Pada Pembelajaran Daring

Research conducted by the Indonesian child protection commission (KPAI), suggests that many school-age children should be connected with law, put Indonesia in a character education emergency. As for the coronavirus disease pandemic (covid-19) sweeping the globe, it has had a profound impact on various areas of human life, one that is educational, so the government has designated one of the methods of online learning as part of remote learning (PJJ). Applying online learning methods, becoming a new challenge for teachers, especially in educating students' character. The formulation is ow Christian teacher face challenge in educating students' character through character education in online learning? The purpose of writing this paper is to know the challenge of educating the character of the student through online study, having seen the effects it can have. The result of the research are, 1) be creative in presenting learning materials, especially in educating students' character, 2) build good relations with learners, 3) view his role as a transformation agent essential in setting an example, 4) realize the importance of the holy ghost's role in developing the character of learners. Berdasarkan riset yang dilakukan Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI), menunjukkan bahwa banyak anak usia sekolah harus berhubungan dengan hukum, hal ini membuat Indonesia berada dalam darurat pendidikan karakter. Adapun Pandemi Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) yang sedang melanda dunia, berdampak besar dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia salah satunya dalam bidang pendidikan, sehingga pemerintah menetapkan salah satu metode pembelajaran daring sebagai bagian dari Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ). Diterapkannya metode pembelajaran daring, menjadi tantangan baru bagi guru, terutama dalam hal mendidik karakter siswa. Rumusan Masalahnya ialah bagaimana guru Kristen menghadapi tantangan dalam mendidik karakter siswa melalui Pendidikan karakter pada pembelajaran daring? Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini ialah, untuk mengetahui tantangan guru Kristen dalam mendidik karakter siswa melalui pembelajaran daring, setelah melihat berbagai dampak yang ditimbulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, seorang guru perlu untuk, 1) kreatif dalam menyajikan materi pembelajaran, terutama dalam mendidik karakter siswa, 2) membangun relasi yang baik dengan peserta didik, 3) memandang perannya sebagai agen tranformasi sangat penting, 4) menyadari pentingnya peran Roh Kudus dalam menumbuhkan karakter peserta didik.

Intensive Parenting Training Based on Child Protection Through the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) Method of Field Study in Blitar Regency

In the current era, many parents are too busy to work with the aim of meeting their daily needs and social demands, in the end there are some parents who ignore their children or often scold their children because they are tired of their work. Improper treatment of children will have a negative impact on children. In this paper, we will discuss parenting training for parents who have difficulty in raising children. The method used is the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) Method or Rapid Rural Assessment, this is a method of assessing the situation and conditions in an area (village), the quick step here is to find data and information quickly from various sources. In this service, data and information were obtained from the community, the child protection commission of the Wonodadi sub-district, as well as influential figures in the Pikatan village community. The result of the training is that there is a change in parents who initially have an authoritarian parenting pattern that gradually improves and applies parenting in accordance with the needs of the child.

The Slow Decrease of Active Substance Candidates for Substitution in the Framework of the European Pesticide Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009

The specific status of active substance candidates for substitution (CfS) is detailed by Article 24 of plant protection Commission Regulation EC No 1107/2009 (PPP Regulation). The criteria of candidates for substitution are now clearly defined: low acceptable daily intake/acute reference dose/acceptable operator exposure level or two persistent, bio-accumulative or toxic criteria, or by nature of the critical effects: non-active isomers, carcinogen 1A/1B, toxic for reproduction 1A/1B or endocrine disruption properties, with these later properties now being well characterised. The total number of active substances CfS has been in constant evolution since 2011, with the first batch of candidates for substitution being published in 2015 and updated since then. After a slow decrease, growth is again observed, with another list of active substances being granted this status. CfS are substances targeted by the PPP Regulation that are supposed to be cancelled or non-renewed at the active substance level or substituted at the market authorisation level. CfS are also supposed to be replaced by substances with better toxicological profiles. However, after five years of implementation of the status, their number, which is intended to decrease, remains high, at sixty residual CfS. We exhibit here their evolution.

Dacus ciliatus (lesser pumpkin fly).

D. ciliatus is a major pest of a wide range of Cucurbitaceae in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Adult flight and fruit transport are major means of dispersal. It may cause indirect economic impact on exports and could become a serious pest if introduced in the USA. It is an EPPO A1 quarantine pest within the category 'non-European Trypetidae' and is also of quarantine significance to CPPC (Caribbean Plant Protection Commission). Demographics, the main component of competition for fly species, have only been studied for this species by Vayssières et al. (2008). Compared to Bactrocera cucurbitae, it has longer egg incubation and immature stages, both disadvantages when competing for the same habitat. Preference for certain hosts allows D. ciliatus to enhance its biotic potential and maintain low population levels when competing with the melon fly, especially at low altitudes. D. ciliatus could colonize low temperature areas, as has been the case in Mediterranean areas. D. ciliatus seems less wiling to exploit new hosts compared to B. cucurbitae.

Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly).

Considered native to India, B. cucurbitae, the melon fly, is now found in more than 40 countries. The potential risk of its introduction to a new area is facilitated by an increase in international tourism and trade, and is influenced by changes in climate and land use. After introduction, it can easily disperse due to its high reproductive potential, high biotic potential (short life cycle of 3-5 weeks, up to 10 generations of offspring per year), and a rapid dispersal ability. The economic impacts of this species result primarily from the loss of export markets and the costly requirement of quarantine restrictions and eradication measures. Furthermore, its establishment has a serious impact on the environment following the initiation of chemical and/or biological control programmes. B. cucurbitae is of quarantine significance to EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), APPPC (Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission), COSAV (Comité de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur), CPPC (Caribbean Plant Protection Commission), and OIRSA (Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria) countries.

Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly).

Bactrocera dorsalis is a highly invasive species. Native to Asia, Oriental fruit fly is now found in at least 65 countries, including parts of America and Oceania, and most of continental Africa (sub-Saharan countries). The potential risk of its introduction to a new area is facilitated by increasing international tourism and trade, and is influenced by changes in climate and land use. After introduction, it can easily disperse as it has a high reproductive potential, high biotic potential (short life cycle, up to 10 generations of offspring per year depending on temperature), a rapid dispersal ability and a broad host range. The economic impact would result primarily from the loss of the export markets and the costly requirement of quarantine restrictions and eradication measures. Furthermore, its establishment would have a serious impact on the environment, following the initiation of chemical and/or biological control programmes. Invasive B. dorsalis has been shown to be highly competitive with native fruit flies where it has established, quickly becoming the dominant fruit fly pest (Duyck et al., 2004; Vargas et al., 2007; Vayssières et al., 2015). Oriental fruit fly is of quarantine significance to EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization), APPPC (Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission), COSAV (Comité de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur), CPPC (Caribbean Plant Protection Commission), IAPSC (Inter-African Phytosanitary Council) and OIRSA (Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria) countries.

ADOLESCENT STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUALITY: THE CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A SCALE

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct a scale of adolescents' attitudes towards sexuality and to determine their psychometric characteristics. Methods: Methodological study conducted with 394 students from the 8th to 12th grades of a school in central Portugal. They answered a questionnaire consisting of the Adolescent Students' Attitude Scale for Sexuality (E3AS) and socio-demographic and academic data. The project received a favorable opinion from the National Data Protection Commission (authorization No. 10421/2017). Construct validity analysis was performed through exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency was performed through Cronbach's alpha. A maximum error probability of 5% was considered. Results: The mean age of the sample was 14.9±1.4 years, with 53.3% being female. The instrument consisted of 34 items distributed into five factors: F1. Family planning and sex education (α=0.826); F2. First sexual relationship (α=0.819); F3. Violation of sexual rights and who to turn to in the event of unplanned pregnancies (α=0.695); F4. Gender expression and identity (α=0.542), and F5. Unplanned pregnancy and parenting (α= 0.761), with a total alpha value of 0.766, accounting for 45.3% of total variance. Conclusions: The psychometric adequacy of the E3AS for the Portuguese population allows us to affirm that it is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in future studies to assess the attitudes of adolescent students towards sexuality.