scholarly journals The internal structure of the unit performance construct as measured by the performance index (PI)1

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roline Henning ◽  
Callie Theron ◽  
Hermann Spangenberg
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
Unit Performance

The objective of this study was to investigate the internal structure of the Performance Index in order to establish the interrelationships between the eight unit performance latent variables. The present study forms part of a larger study aimed at validating the Leadership Behaviour Inventory (LBI) (Spangenberg & Theron, 2002b) against work unit performance. The validation sample, after imputation of missing values, consisted of 273 cases with observations on all 56 items. Item analysis and dimensionality analysis was performed on each of the sub-scales using SPSS-windows. Thereafter, confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the reduced data set using LISREL. The results indicated satisfactory factor loadings on the measurement model. Acceptable model fit was achieved. Subsequently, the structural model was tested using LISREL. The results provided statistics of good fit. Only four hypotheses failed to be corroborated in this study. The results are discussed and suggestions for further research are made. Opsomming Die doel van hierdie studie was om die interne struktuur van die Performance Indexs (PI) (Spangenberg en Theron, 2002b) te ondersoek ten einde die interverwantskappe tussen die agt latente eeheidprestasiedimensies te bepaal. Hierdie studie vorm deel van ’n meer omvattende studie wat daarop gemik is om die Leadership Behaviour Inventory (LBI) teen werkeenheidprestasie te valideer. Die steekproef, na imputasie van ontbrekende waardes, het uit 273 gevalle bestaan met waarnemings ten opsigte van al 56 items. Item- en dimensionaliteitontledings is met behulp van SPSS-windows op elke subskaal gedoen. Bevestigende faktorontleding is daarna met behulp van LISREL op die verkleinde datastel uitgevoer. Die resultate het op bevredigende faktorbeladings vir die metingsmodel en ’n bevredigende passing van die metingsmodel gedui. Daarna is die strukturele model met behulp van LISREL getoets. Die resultate het bevredigende passing getoon, met slegs vier hipoteses wat nie deur die studie bevestig is nie. Die resultate word bespreek en voorstelle vir verdere navorsing word gemaak.

scholarly journals Development and preliminary validation of the work-unit performance questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Seland ◽  
Carl C. Theron
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Work Unit ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Unit Performance

Background: Serious shortcomings are identified in the Performance Index (PI), developed by Spangenberg and Theron (2004). Attempts are made to correct these shortcomings.Aim: The primary objective of this research study was to develop and preliminary validate a generic Work-Unit Performance Questionnaire, based on the Performance Index of Spangenberg and Theron (2004), correcting shortcomings identified in that particular PI.Setting: The study used convenience sampling that consisted of 202 respondents from a variety of South African industries. The article draws on findings in the thesis of Seland (2019).Methods: The development and preliminary validation of the Work-Unit Performance Questionnaire (WUPQ) was required. The WUPQ consists of dual subscales, the Work-Unit Competency Questionnaire (WUCQ), which consists of seven latent behavioural competency variables, and the Work-Unit Outcome Questionnaire (WUOQ), which consists of six latent outcome variables.Results: Both measurement models (WUCP WUOQ) showed close fit; however, two factor loadings in the WUCQ measurement model had to be constrained. Reasonable structural model fit was found in the sample. Support was found for 11 of the original 21 path-specific substantive hypotheses and for an additional hypothesis.Conclusion: The proposed model can be used by managers, with caution due to the intentional exclusion of competency potential and situational variables, to diagnose poor work-unit performance. Furthermore, it is encouraged that this research be the starting point for further analyses of work-unit performance and advance validation of the instrument.

Interactions Between Intensive Care and Palliative Care Are Influenced by Training, Professionals’ Perceptions and Institutional Barriers

2020 ◽  
pp. 082585972095136
Author(s):  
María Camila Calle ◽  
Sara Lucia Pareja ◽  
María Margarita Villa ◽  
Juan Pablo Román-Calderón ◽  
Mariantonia Lemos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Institutional Barriers

Background: There is growing interest in the use of a Palliative care approach in Intensive care. However, it tends to remain inconsistent, infrequent or non-existent, as does its acceptance by intensive care physicians. This study sought to explore the perceptions, level of knowledge, perceived barriers, and practices of physicians regarding palliative care practices (PC) in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Methods: Descriptive-correlational study. Participating physicians working in ICU in Colombia (n = 101) completed an ad hoc questionnaire that included subscales of perceptions, knowledge, perceived barriers, and PC practices in ICU. A Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used to examine the reciprocal relationships between the measured variables and those that could predict interaction practices between the 2 specialties. Results: First, results from the measurement model to examine the validity and reliability of the latent variables found (PC training, favorable perceptions about PC, institutional barriers, and ICU-PC interaction practices) and their indicators were obtained. Second, the structural model found that, a greater number of hours of PC training, a favorable perception of PC and a lower perception of institutional barriers are related to greater interaction between PC and ICU, particularly when emotional or family problems are detected. Conclusions: PC-ICU interactions are influenced by training, a positive perception of PC and less perceived institutional barriers. An integrated ICU-PC model that strengthens the PC training of those who work in ICU and provides clearer guidelines for interaction practices, may help overcome perceived barriers and improve the perception of the potential impact of PC.

scholarly journals Influence of moral intelligence, principled leadership and trust on organisational citizenship behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Engelbrecht ◽  
Karen Hendrikz
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Trust In Leaders ◽  
Moral Intelligence ◽  
Indirect Relationship

Background: Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) plays a substantial role in individual and organisational performance.Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate how moral intelligence and principled leadership can influence trust in the leader and OCB.Setting: Data were collected from 300 employees from various organisations in South Africa. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used.Methods: A theoretical model and hypotheses were developed to explain the structural relationships among the latent variables. Data were analysed by means of item analysis and confirmatory factor analysis conducted via structural equation modelling (SEM).Results: High levels of reliability were found for the measurement scales. Good model fit was demonstrated for the measurement and structural models. Empirical support was found for the significant mediating effects of principled leadership and trust in leaders in the indirect relationship between moral intelligence and OCB. The Principled Leadership Scale (PLS) could be used in the selection or development of principled leaders to develop an ethical culture to combat the high levels of corruption that many organisations face. Principled leaders play a key role in creating an ethical and trusting work climate conducive for OCB.Conclusion: This study is the first to analyse the joint relationships among the specific latent variables in the structural model. Furthermore, the study provided the first supporting evidence for the concurrent validity of the newly developed PLS.

Influence of justice, culture and love of money towards ethical perception on tax evasion with gender as moderating variable

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-266
Author(s):  
Dodik Ariyanto ◽  
Gusti Ayu Putu Weni Andayani ◽  
I. Gusti Ayu Made Asri Dwija Putri
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Ethical Perception ◽  
Ethical Perceptions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Love Of Money

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of justice, culture and love of money on ethical perceptions about tax evasion. As well as gender will strengthen the influence of justice, culture and love of money on ethical perceptions about tax evasion. Design/methodology/approach The primary data were collected and analyzed using a popular component-based model called partial least square (PLS). PLS consists of two sub-models, measurement model or outer model and structural model or inner model. The measurement model shows how real or observable variables are latent variables to be measured. While the structural model shows the level of estimation between latent or construct variables. Findings The statistical analysis showed that neither the coefficient of gender (moderating variable) nor the interaction between gender and the exogenous variable are significant. Solimun (2010) explained that such moderating variable is called homologizer moderation (potential moderation). Homologizer moderation refers to variable that may potentially become a moderating variable influencing relationship between predictor (exogenous) and dependant variable (endogenous). This variable has no interaction with predictors or can be said to be insignificant on the dependent variable. In this study, gender is a potential moderating variable (homologizer moderation). Gender can potentially become a moderating variable influencing relationship between justice, culture and love of money and ethical perception on tax evasion. Gender does not have interaction with justice, culture and love of money or significant influence toward ethical perception on tax evasion. Originality/value There are very few studies on tax evasion from an ethical point of view so this study is not only important but also interesting because it shows that tax evasion is a classic problem taking place in nearly all countries that apply taxation system; cultural difference results in different views on ethical perceptions on tax evasion (Basri, 2015); this study uses the local wisdom of Balinese people, namely, Tri Hita Karana and thus, this study becomes relatively new; justice is one of the non-economic variables of tax compliance behavior (Darmawan, 2012), so that the researcher is interested in conducting further research on the effect of justice toward ethical perception on tax evasion; there are very few studies discussing love of money (Hnisz et al., 2013); therefore, research on the effect of love of money toward ethical perception on tax evasion is of necessity and the findings of previous studies that are inconsistent. The researcher predicted that there are contingency factors that influence the relationship between justice, culture and love of money toward ethical perceptions on tax evasion. As suggested by Baridwan (2012), gender, the moderating variable in this study, refers to masculine and feminine character as a dimension of social culture; this study is carried out in the Tax Service Office (KPP Pratama) of Badung Utara because during the 2015 tax year, KPP Pratama Badung Utara was one of the KPPs in Bali DGT Regional Office which experienced a decline in realization of revenues and a sharp decline in growth.

scholarly journals ANALISIS STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (SEM) DENGAN MULTIPLE GROUP MENGGUNAKAN R

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Holipah Holipah ◽  
I Made Tirta ◽  
Dian Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Homogeneous Data ◽  
Group 1

Structural Equation Model (SEM) is a statistical technique with simultaneous processing involves measurement errors, indicator variables, and latent variables. SEM is used to test hypotheses that state the relationships between latent variables when latent variables have been assessed through each of the indicator variables. Multiple Group SEM is a basic model analysis that uses more than one sample. This analysis aims to determine whether the components or models of measurement and structural models are invariant for the two sample groups. In this study, the data generated by some requirements. First, the data generated with sample size n = 250. The first generated data is homogeneous data where the measurement model is the same as the structural model in group 1 and group 2, while the second data is non-homogeneous data where the measurement model and the structural model in group 1 and group 2 is not the same. The data was analyzed using the help of the lavaan package available in R to obtain SEM estimation results and Goodness of Fit Model from some data that was formed. From the results of the merger of the two groups, it shows that the invariant of the two models with the largest df (63) which is Fit Mean model states the simplest model. However, the smallest df (48) with Fit.configural model states the most complex model. Keywords: SEM, Multiple Group, R Program

scholarly journals Invariance Test: Detecting Difference Between Latent Variables Structure in Partial Least Squares Path Modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lamberti ◽  
Tomas Aluja Banet
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Partial Least Squares ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Invariance Test

In the context of heterogeneity, almost all partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) approaches focus on differences in the causal relationships between the latent variables. The principal goal is to detect segments that have different path coefficients in the structural model, yet inadequate attention is generally given to the measurement model. Thus, anytime that we define specific sub-models for different groups of individuals, we may wonder if the latent variables are the same in all detected sub-models. Taking this into consideration, the problem of invariance arises, meaning that if the estimation of latent variables are specific in each sub-model, there is reasonable doubt regarding whether we can compare the distinct behavior of individuals who belong to two different segments. In this paper, we present an invariance test as a possible solution, whereby the goal is to verify whether or not the measurement models of each sub-model may be assumed equal among themselves.

scholarly journals The influence of emotional intelligence on diversity complexity cognition and the attitude towards diversity

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Kamps ◽  
A. S. Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
South African ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Structural Relationships

The aim of the study was to develop and validate a theoretical model explicating the structural relationships between diversity complexity cognition, emotional intelligence and a positive attitude towards diversity in the South African business context. The sample selected for the study consisted of 237 employees from various South African organisations. The content and structure of the latent variables were investigated by means of item analysis, as well as confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) demonstrated good model fit for the refined measurement models and the structural model. A positive relationship was found between emotional intelligence and the latent variables of valuing individual differences and positive perceptual depth. The practical implications were highlighted to ultimately inform management seeking to build an ethically diverse and productive workforce that values the individuality of others.

scholarly journals Health status of care home residents: practicality and construct validity of data collection by staff at scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e000704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Benson ◽  
Clive Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Care Homes ◽  
Health Status Measure ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Medical Diagnoses ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Status Measure

BackgroundMedical diagnoses and assessed need for care are the prerequisites for planning and delivery of care to residents of care homes. Assessing the effectiveness of care is difficult. The aim of this study was to test the practicality and construct validity of the howRu health status measure using secondary analysis of a large data set.MethodThe data came from a Bupa Care Homes Census in 2012, which covered 24 506 residents in 395 homes internationally (UK, Australia and New Zealand). Staff completed optical mark readable forms about each resident using a short generic health status measure, howRu. Response rates were used to assess practicality and expected relationships between health status and independent variables were used to assess the construct validity.Results and discussion19,438 forms were returned (79.3%) in 360 care homes (91.1%); complete health status data were recorded for 18 617 residents (95.8% of those returned). Missing values for any health status items mostly came from a small number of homes. The relationships between howRu and independent variables support construct validity. Factor analysis suggests three latent variables (discomfort, distress and disability/dependence).ConclusionsHowRu proved easy to use and practical at scale. The howRu health status measure shows good construct validity.

scholarly journals Application of the fuzzy clusterwise generalized structured component method to evaluate implementation of national education standard in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1379-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susetyo Budi ◽  
Wahyuni Rezi
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
National Education ◽  
Homogeneity Of Variance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cluster 2

Results of school accreditation and national examinations are two indicators that are often used to describe the achievement of quality in education in Indonesia. ‘Accreditation’ reflects the fulfillment of 8 national education standards (NES), while the national exam (NE, or UN in Bahasa) for students describes academic performance. Eight NES and academic performance are latent variables. The relationship between the two variables and the validity of its indicators can be evaluated by several methods. Path analysis with latent variables can be obtained through general structured component analysis (GSCA) with the assumption of homogeneity of variance. Since the data are not homogeneous, this study aims to apply the fuzzy clusterwise generalized structured component analysis (FCGSCA) to evaluate the relationship between the NES and the UN, and the validity of the indicators. The results showed that there were two school clusters in Indonesia. The evaluation of the measurement model indicated that some indicators of the accreditation instrument were not valid, i.e., 6 indicators in cluster 1 and 15 indicators in cluster 2. The structural model evaluation of the two clusters indicated that standard of process to the UN was not significant. Based on the overall goodness of the fit model, the total diversities of all variables that could be explained were 61.60% in cluster 1 and 59.90% in cluster 2.

Structural Equation Modeling in Special Education Research

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Multivariate Data ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Equation Modeling

Structural equation modeling is a method for analysis of multivariate data from both nonexperimental and experimental research. the method combines a structural model linking latent variables and a measurement model linking observed variables with latent variables. its use in special education research has been limited to date, but the approach offers promise as a method useful in theory-based research. a nontechnical introduction to the method and cautions concerning the limits of its use are presented.

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