scholarly journals Forgiveness in the intertestamental period

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Mong Lee ◽  
Gerald T. Hughes ◽  
Francois P. Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Damascus Document ◽  
Intertestamental Literature

The article suggests answers to the following questions: what are the characteristics of God�s forgiveness in the intertestamental literature and what connection do these characteristics have with the Old Testament? Important passages in the late Second Temple period that expose the characteristics of God�s forgiveness, such as certain Qumran texts (1QH 12:35�37, 1QH 13:2 and the Damascus Document 14:18�19), the writings of Philo and Josephus, the Apocrypha and the Pseudepigrapha, are investigated for this purpose.

Philo’s Influence on Understanding Divine Anthropomorphism

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
Adam W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Hebrew Scripture

Divine anthropomorphisms are prevalent in the Old Testament. Authors of Old Testament works seemingly had no reservations with using human qualities to describe God. During the Second Temple period Greek philosophy began to influence the interpretation of texts that describe God using anthropomorphisms. This shift in understanding God is evidenced in translation tendencies in the Septuagint and in Philo’s reading of Hebrew Scripture. The elements of proto-Gnosticism found in Philo’s writings are at times closely related to his interpretation of anthropomorphism. Since Philo’s understanding of such figures of speech has been the historic majority view, it is important to evaluate his method of interpretation to determine whether this understanding of divine anthropomorphism is rooted in Scripture or his philosophical tradition.

5. The canon, authoritative scriptures, and the scrolls

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Dead Sea Scrolls ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
Shed Light

The Dead Sea Scrolls have shed light on the canonization of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible in the Second Temple period. They provide us with exemplars of their biblical texts and how they used them in an authoritative manner. ‘The canon, authoritative scriptures, and the scrolls’ explains that the sectarian concept of authoritative scriptures seemed to reflect a dual pattern of authority by which the traditional biblical texts served as the source of the sectarian interpretation that in turn was defined by it. The authority was graded, beginning with the biblical books and extending to other books that were not eventually included in the canon.

scholarly journals Messianic expectations in the Old Testament

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Rose
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Hebrew Word ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
God's People ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Definition Of

The New Testament is connected to the Old Testament in a number of different ways. It is not unusual to find the word “messianic” used to categorise all the different ways in which the writers of the New Testament find Christ (and, similarly, Jewish sources of the Second Temple Period later find the future Messiah) in the Old Testament, or to identify the specific passages in the Old Testament which are now seen to point to Christ/the Messiah. In this article I argue that, if one wants to be able to appreciate the diversity, one should abandon this indiscriminate use of the word “messianic”. After a brief discussion of the meaning and use of the Hebrew word xyvm in the Old Testament, I propose a definition of the phrase “messianic expectations” (expectations focusing on a future royal figure sent by God – someone who will bring salvation to God’s people and the world and establish a kingdom characterised by features such as peace and justice). Subsequently, the origin of these expectations is located as in the proclamation of the eighth-century prophets (Amos, Isaiah and Micah). Finally, one special category of messianic expectations, that is, messianic expectations in the Books of the Psalms, is dealt with.

Reconsidering the Salvation of Israel in Luke–Acts

2020 ◽  
pp. 0142064X2096266
Author(s):  
Philip La G. Du Toit
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The Way

In the prevalent interpretations of Israel’s salvation or restoration in Luke–Acts, Israel is understood as referring to descendants of ancient Israel who live in the present or beyond. In light of the predominant usage of the term ‘Israel’ in the second temple period, the prevalent interpretation of Israel’s salvation in Luke–Acts is reconsidered. This is done by mainly revisiting the realized language around Israel’s salvation in the Lukan corpus as well as the Old Testament context behind the language used. This re-evaluation also involves the way in which Israel’s forgiveness is presented, the involvement of the patriarchs in salvation, as well as the connection between Israel’s hope and their resurrection.

Sealing the Demons, Once and For All: The Ring of Solomon, the Cross of Christ, and the Power of Biblical Kingship

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-130
Author(s):  
Raʿanan Boustan ◽  
Michael Beshay
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Jerusalem Temple ◽  
The Third ◽  
Signet Ring ◽  
Cross Of Christ ◽  
The Cross

Abstract This paper traces the historical development of the tradition that King Solomon made use of a signet-ring to marshal the demons as a labor-force for the construction of the Jerusalem Temple and analyzes the shifting ritual uses to which this tradition was put.We argue that this tradition, which is most fully articulated in the Testament of Solomon, is a Christian innovation of the third and fourth centuries rather than a venerable Jewish tradition with roots in the Second Temple period. This branch of the Solomon tradition first emerged within the context of internal Christian debates of the third century concerning proper baptismal practice, where the power of baptism to provide protection from the demons was linked to debates concerning the efficacy of Solomon’s act of sealing the demons in the temple. In the post-Constantinian period, the ring of Solomon was venerated by pilgrims to Jerusalem as a “relic” of Israelite kingship alongside the True Cross. Like certain strands of the Testament of Solomon literature, the pilgrimage practices performed at this potent site figure Christ’s victory on the cross as the fulfillment-once and for all-of Solomon’s only provisional mastery over the demons. In this context, Solomon’s ring gave concrete expression to Christian claims on the Old Testament past, while also mediating between imperial and ecclesiastical power.

Jeremiah at Qumran

2021 ◽  
pp. 503-519
Author(s):  
Devorah Dimant
Keyword(s):  
Second Temple ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Damascus Document

The eminent status of Jeremiah’s prophecies is well reflected in late biblical books of the Second Temple era, focused as they are on the Jeremianic prophecy forecasting seventy years of Israel’s servitude to Babylon (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10). They proposed various interpretations (see Zach 1:12; 7:5; 2 Chr 36:20–21; Dan 9) and the interest in this prediction continued well into the last centuries of the Second Temple period (e.g., 1 En 10–12; 89:59–90; 93:1–10; 91:11–17). The owners of the Qumran library shared this interest. Beside five copies of Jeremiah prophetic compositions, surfaced among the Scrolls, the Qumran texts contain various allusions and quotations from Jeremiah's biblical prophecies, including some concealed pesharim. This chapter surveys them in its first section. In its second part the chapter reviews and analyzes the references to the prophet’s personality and life, elaborated in the Damascus Document 8:20 and in the Apocryphon of Jeremiah C.

Review of: «The Woman clothed in the Sun»: an origin of the image. Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2015. 334 p. ISBN 978-5-7281-1765-0

2020 ◽  
pp. 268-274
Author(s):  
Илья Сергеевич Вевюрко
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
The Sun ◽  
State University ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Theological Perspective

В работе Катерины Кудрявцевой перспектива рассмотрения загадочного образа из Апокалипсиса иная — не богословская, а, скорее, религиоведческая. Но религиоведческая точка зрения не может не включать в себя богословскую, иначе она рискует исказить свой предмет — религию, обойдя вниманием её вероучительную сторону. К. Г. Кудрявцевой удалось прийти к богословскому рассмотрению образа религиоведческим путём, а именно путём расшифровки его семантики. В этом смысле её исследование подобно работе с красками, восстанавливающими цвета фрески до первоначальной яркости (пусть виртуально, чтобы не вмешаться с новой кистью в исторически сохранившиеся слои), в то время как схема рисунка и его сюжет остаются теми же самыми. К. Г. Кудрявцева берёт за основу нарратив видения св. апостола Иоанна, который она разделяет на четыре аспекта и даёт им довольно поэтические названия: «Застигнутая жизнью и смертью»; «Свечение»; «Противостояние как погоня»; «Город». По этим четырём ключевым темам распределена на параграфы каждая из пяти глав работы, которые охватывают мировой фольклор, корпус канонических книг Ветхого Завета, письменность эпохи Второго Храма, литературный контекст Откровения св. Иоанна Богослова (то есть тоже произведения периода Второго Храма, но наиболее близкие по развитию своей образности к Апокалипсису) и, наконец, сам текст Откровения. In Katerina Kudryavtseva's work, the perspective of the enigmatic image from the Apocalypse is different - not theological but, rather, religious studies. But a theological perspective could not avoid incorporating a theological perspective, otherwise it would risk distorting its subject, religion, by neglecting its doctrinal side. K.G. Kudryavtseva was able to reach a theological consideration of the image in a theological way, namely by deciphering its semantics. In this sense, her research is like working with paints, restoring the colours of a fresco to their original brightness (albeit virtually, so as not to intervene with a new brush in the historically preserved layers), while the scheme of the drawing and its subject remain the same. K.G. Kudryavtseva takes as a basis the narrative of St. John's vision, which she divides into four aspects and gives them rather poetic titles: "Caught in Life and Death"; "Illumination"; "Confrontation as Chase"; "City". Each of the five chapters is divided into paragraphs according to these four key themes, covering world folklore, the corpus of canonical books of the Old Testament, the writing of the Second Temple period, the literary context of the Revelation of Saint John the Evangelist (that is, also works from the Second Temple period, but closest in their development of imagery to the Apocalypse) and, finally, the text of Revelation itself.

The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Dead Sea Scrolls ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead

The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short introduction discusses the cultural significance of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the religious, political, and legal controversies during the seventy years of study since they were found. It looks at the contribution the scrolls have made to our understanding of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible, and the origins of early Christianity. Exploring the most recent scholarly discussions on the archaeology of Khirbet Qumran, and the study of the biblical texts, the canon, and the history of the Second Temple Period, it considers what the scrolls reveal about the communities closely associated with the scrolls and sectarianism in early Judaism.

scholarly journals Congruent ethos in the Second Temple literature of the Old Testament

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter M. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Second Temple Literature

Proposing the term ‘congruent ethos’ for studying Old Testament ethics, this article indicates (in line with existing research) that opposing ethical viewpoints are found in the Old Testament. The modus operandi followed was firstly to compare the penitential prayer in Daniel 9:4–19 with those in Ezra 9:6–15 and Nehemiah 9:6–37. This comparison shows that the phenomenon of conflicting ethics was present in Yehud during the Second Temple period. Whilst the Daniel text reflects a more universal attitude, the penitential prayers in Ezra and Nehemiah propose a nationalist view of God and an exclusivist identity for Israel. Although Daniel can be dated later than Ezra-Nehemiah, the tendency to juxtapose an exclusivist viewpoint with an inclusivist one was already present in the earlier period of the Second Temple. This is evidenced by the literature of Isaiah 56–66, Ruth, Jonah, Esther, Tobit, Judith and even Joshua.

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