Morphometric analysis of hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone in Iranian dry skulls

Background: It is observed that the morphologic and morphometric variability of the occipital bone structures may coexist in the same individual or among different subjects of the same or different populations and thus, a sound knowledge of the morphometry of this area can provide important benefits in determining safe surgical zones during surgical procedures. Aim: The present study was aimed at measuring the length (right and left) and width (right and left) of the hypoglossal canal among adult dry skulls of two states in southern Nigeria. Materials and Method: This study adopted the cross sectional study design. A total of eighty (80) hypoglossal canal; right and left were selected by simple random sampling and their length and width were measured with the aid of the digital vernier caliper. Results: The hypoglossal canal length on the right side was seen to be higher compared to the left length of the hypoglossal canal while the right hypoglossal canal width was seen to be higher compared to the left hypoglossal canal width and also observed differences between the right and left sides were statistically significant (P=0.01). Conclusion: There was a statistical significant difference with regard to hypoglossal canal length (right and left) and width (right and left) among the studied population. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(4) 2020 p.670-672

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Kraniovertebral Bileşke Kemiklerinin Morfometrik Özellikleri

Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi ◽

10.51261/yiu.2021.00036 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 67-75

Author(s):

Merve Sevgi İNCE ◽

Güneş AYTAÇ ◽

Esma Deniz BARÇ ◽

Yener BEKTAŞ ◽

Ahmet Cem ERKMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Surgical Techniques ◽

Craniovertebral Junction ◽

Occipital Bone ◽

Transverse Foramen ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Vertebral Canal ◽

Articular Facet ◽

Morphometric Features ◽

Human Skulls

Introduction: The craniovertebral junction comprises the occipital bone, atlas, axis and supporting ligaments. Surgical interventions for treatment of instability, require knowledge of morphometric properties of this area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate adult dried human skulls to analyze morphometric features of the bones that joined the craniovertebral junction. Materials and Methods: Morphometric analysis was performed on dry bones which found in the excavations. 9 occipital bone, 18 atlas and 16 axis were measured. Differences between measurements were determined using t-tests and were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: The distance between both tips of the transverse processes (p<0.001), the distance between both outermost edges of the transverse foramen (p=0.011), the distance between both innermost edges of the transverse foramen (p=0.013), the maximum transverse diamater of the vertebral canal (p=0.014), the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the vertebral canal (p=0.014) and the width of the inferior articular facet (left p<0.001 and right p=0.005) were found significantly shorter in females atlases. The width of the dens axis (p<0.001), the height of the corpus axis (p=0.034), the distance from lateral most edge of the transvers process to midline (left p=0.049), the length of the inferior articular facet (left p=0.004, right p=0.005), the width of the superior articular facet (right p=0.007) were found significantly shorter in females axises. Conclusion: Morphometric analysis is very important in the development and improvement of surgical techniques. In this context, the results of our study can contribute to developments in this area. Keywords: Atlas, axis, occipital bone, craniovertebral junction

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MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL OF OCCIPITAL BONE IN DRY SKULLS OF SOUTH INDIA

International Journal of Anatomy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijar.2016.406 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (4.1) ◽

pp. 3016-3019

Author(s):

Vinay KV ◽

◽

Swathi ◽

Denia MY ◽

Sachin KS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South India ◽

Occipital Bone ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Hypoglossal Canal

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Microsurgical anatomy of the transcondylar, supracondylar, and paracondylar extensions of the far-lateral approach

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1997.87.4.0555 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 555-585 ◽

Cited By ~ 178

Author(s):

Hung T. Wen ◽

Albert L. Rhoton ◽

Toshiro Katsuta ◽

Evandro de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Jugular Foramen ◽

Lateral Approach ◽

Occipital Bone ◽

Occipital Condyle ◽

Microsurgical Anatomy ◽

Posterior Portion ◽

Hypoglossal Canal ◽

Transcondylar Approach ◽

Far Lateral Approach ◽

Far Lateral

✓ Despite a large number of reports of the use of the far-lateral approach, some of the basic detail that is important in safely completing this exposure has not been defined or remains poorly understood. The basic far-lateral exposure provides access for the following approaches: 1) the transcondylar approach directed through the occipital condyle or the adjoining portions of the occipital and atlantal condyles; 2) the supracondylar approach directed through the area above the occipital condyle; and 3) the paracondylar exposure directed through the area lateral to the occipital condyle. The transcondylar approach provides access to the lower clivus and premedullary area. The supracondylar approach provides access to the region of, and medial to, the hypoglossal canal and jugular tubercle. The paracondylar approach, which includes drilling of the jugular process of the occipital bone in the area lateral to the occipital condyle, provides access to the posterior portion of the jugular foramen and to the mastoid on the lateral side of the jugular foramen. In this study, the anatomy important to completing the far-lateral approach and these modifications was examined in 12 cadaveric specimens. In the standard posterior and posterolateral approaches, an understanding of the individual suboccipital muscles is not essential. However, these muscles provide important landmarks for the far-lateral approach and its modifications. Other important considerations include the relationship of the occipital condyle to the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular tubercle, the jugular process of the occipital bone, the mastoid, and the facial canal. These and other relationships important to completing these exposures were examined in this study.

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Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of Hypoglossal Canal in North Indian Dry Skulls and It's Significance in Cranial Base Surgeries

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2017/24333.9365 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Shalini Kumar

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Cranial Base ◽

Hypoglossal Canal

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Morphologic Evaluations of Hypoglossal Canal using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Sains Malaysiana ◽

10.17576/jsm-2021-5005-25 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 1467-1472

Author(s):

Şuayip Burak Duman ◽

Mehmet Seyrek ◽

Yasin Yaşa ◽

İsmail Gümüşsoy ◽

Numan Dedeoğlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Foramen Magnum ◽

Common Type ◽

Occipital Bone ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Occipital Condyle ◽

Hypoglossal Canal

Hypoglossal canal (HC) which begins from very slightly above the inner part of the anterolateral portion of the foramen magnum and is located above the occipital condyle of the occipital bone. The aim of this study is to examine HC morphology and variations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The morphology and types of HC were investigated with 303 CBCT images (606 side). Type 1 variation in 606 HC examined becomes the most commonly observed type (57.3%) while type 5 variation was the least common type of variation (0.8%). Type 1 HC was statistically higher in males (p=0.004). Because of HC, which is an anthropologically important point and enters the field of images in CBCT scan, it is recommended that dental radiologists should be aware of their variations and be wary of the pathologies that may occur in this region.

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CT-based morphometric analysis of the occipital condyle: focus on occipital condyle screw insertion

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/2016.4.spine151431 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 572-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jinsong Zhou ◽

Alejandro A. Espinoza Orías ◽

Xia Kang ◽

Jade He ◽

Zhihai Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Entry Point ◽

Screw Placement ◽

Occipital Condyle ◽

Hypoglossal Canal ◽

Screw Length ◽

Preoperative Simulation ◽

The Mean

OBJECTIVE The segmental occipital condyle screw (OCS) is an alternative fixation technique in occipitocervical fusion. A thorough morphological study of the occipital condyle (OC) is critical for OCS placement. The authors set out to introduce a more precise CT-based method for morphometric analysis of the OC as it pertains to the placement of the segmental OCS, and they describe a novel preoperative simulation method for screw placement. Two new clinically relevant parameters, the height available for the OCS and the warning depth, are proposed. METHODS CT data sets from 27 fresh-frozen human cadaveric occipitocervical spines were used. All measurements were performed using a commercially available 3D reconstruction software package. The length, width, and sagittal angle of the condyle were measured in the axial plane at the base of the OC. The height of the OC and the height available for the segmental OCS were measured in the reconstructed oblique sagittal plane, fitting the ideal trajectory of the OCS recommended in the literature. The placement of a 3.5-mm-diameter screw that had the longest length of bicortical purchase was simulated into the OC in the oblique sagittal plane, with the screw path not being blocked by the occiput and not violating the hypoglossal canal cranially or the atlantooccipital joint caudally. The length of the simulated screw was recorded. The warning depth was measured as the shortest distance from the entry point of the screw to the posterior border of the hypoglossal canal. RESULTS The mean length and width of the OC were found to be larger in males: 22.2 ± 1.7 mm and 12.1 ± 1.0 mm, respectively, overall (p < 0.0001 for both). The mean sagittal angle was 28.0° ± 4.9°. The height available for the OCS was significantly less than the height of the OC (6.2 ± 1.3 mm vs 9.4 ± 1.5 mm, p < 0.0001). The mean screw length (19.3 ± 1.9 mm) also presented significant sex-related differences: male greater than female (p = 0.0002). The mean warning depth was 7.5 ± 1.7 mm. In 7.4% of the samples, although the height of the OC was viable, the height available for the OCS was less than 4.5 mm, thus making screw placement impractical. For these cases, a new preoperative simulation method of the OCS placement was proposed. In 92.6% of the samples that could accommodate a 3.5-mm-diameter screw, 24.0% showed that the entry point of the simulated screw was covered by a small part of the C-1 posterosuperior joint rim. CONCLUSIONS The placement of the segmental OCS is feasible in most cases, but a thorough preoperative radiological analysis is essential and cannot be understated. The height available for the OCS is a more clinically relevant and precise parameter than the height of the OC to enable proper screw placement. The warning depth may be helpful for the placement of the OCS.

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