Maximal heart rate in soccer players: Measured versus age-predicted

This study compared the exercise intensity of four specific soccer training sessions (friendly and training match, tactical and technical workouts). Ten professional soccer players (24.2 ± 3.7 years, 177.9 ± 7.3 cm, 63.2 ± 4.6 mLO2•kg-1•min-l) were recruited. A treadmill progressive interval test was performed to determine the players' VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), HR-VO2 curve, and the heart rate corresponding to blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol/L. The heart rate during the training sessions was used to estimate the exercise intensity and to classify them into intensity zones (low-intensity: <2 mmol/L; moderate-intensity: between 2 and 4 mmol/L; high-intensity: >4 mmol/L). Exercise intensities were different among training sessions (friendly match: 86.0 ± 5.1% HRmax; training match: 81.2 ± 4.1% HRmax; tactical workout: 70.4 ± 5.3% HRmax; technical workout: 62.1 ± 3.6% HRmax). The friendly match presented the highest percentage of time performed in the high-intensity zone.

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Seasonal Training-Load Quantification in Elite English Premier League Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2014-0352 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 489-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

James J. Malone ◽

Rocco Di Michele ◽

Ryland Morgans ◽

Darren Burgess ◽

James P. Morton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Time Points ◽

Total Distance ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Premier League ◽

Daily Training ◽

English Premier League

Purpose:To quantify the seasonal training load completed by professional soccer players of the English Premier League.Methods:Thirty players were sampled (using GPS, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) during the daily training sessions of the 2011–12 preseason and in-season period. Preseason data were analyzed across 6 × 1-wk microcycles. In-season data were analyzed across 6 × 6-wk mesocycle blocks and 3 × 1-wk microcycles at start, midpoint, and end-time points. Data were also analyzed with respect to number of days before a match.Results:Typical daily training load (ie, total distance, high-speed distance, percent maximal heart rate [%HRmax], RPE load) did not differ during each week of the preseason phase. However, daily total distance covered was 1304 (95% CI 434–2174) m greater in the 1st mesocycle than in the 6th. %HRmax values were also greater (3.3%, 1.3−5.4%) in the 3rd mesocycle than in the first. Furthermore, training load was lower on the day before match (MD-1) than 2 (MD-2) to 5 (MD-5) d before a match, although no difference was apparent between these latter time points.Conclusions:The authors provide the 1st report of seasonal training load in elite soccer players and observed that periodization of training load was typically confined to MD-1 (regardless of mesocycle), whereas no differences were apparent during MD-2 to MD-5. Future studies should evaluate whether this loading and periodization are facilitative of optimal training adaptations and match-day performance.

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Predicting Maximal Lactate Steady State from Carminatti’s Shuttle Run Test in Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1224-3985 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lorival José Carminatti ◽

Bruna Nunes Batista ◽

Juliano Fernandes da Silva ◽

Artur Ferreira Tramontin ◽

Vitor Pereira Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Steady State ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽

Incremental Test ◽

Run Test ◽

Peak Speed ◽

Linear Regressions ◽

Shuttle Run

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine the validity of Carminatti’s shuttle run incremental test–T-Car derived parameters in estimating the maximal lactate steady state determined in shuttle run format. Eighteen soccer players performed a T-Car test, and several trials to determine the maximal lactate steady state. From T-Car were derived the heart rate deflection point, peak speed, maximal heart rate and parameters resulting from percentage of peak measures. The validity was accessed by Bland-Altman plots, linear regressions, and two one-sided tests of equivalence analysis. The results showed the speed at 80.4% of T-Car peak speed, the heart rate deflection point and the 91.4% of maximal heart rate were equivalent to maximal lactate steady state (Mean difference; ±90% compatibility interval; −0.8; ±1.5%, −0.4; ±1.1%, and 0.0; ±2.7%, respectively). Additionally, peak speed during the T-Car test was a stronger predictor of maximal lactate steady state (MLSS [km/h]=2.57+0.65 × sPeak; r=0.82 [90% CI; 0.62–0.92], standard error of the estimate=3.6%; 90% CI ×/÷1.4). Therefore, soccer players can use the T-Car derived parameters as a noninvasive and practical alternative to estimate the specific maximal lactate steady state for soccer.

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Effect of the Game Design, the Goal Type and the Number of Players on Intensity of Play in Small-Sided Soccer Games in Youth Elite Players

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0125 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 229-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Joaquín González-Rodenas ◽

Ferran Calabuig ◽

Rafael Aranda

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Mass ◽

Game Design ◽

Body Height ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Design Modification

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of game design modification, the type of the goal and the number of players on the intensity of play in small-sided soccer games (SSGs) in youth elite players. Twenty young soccer players (age 13.7 ± 0.5 years, body mass 57.4 ± 7.8 kg, body height 1.67 ± 7.8 m, maximal heart rate 201.1 ± 8.2 beats/min) performed three types of SSGs (possession play (PP) vs. regular goals (RG) vs. small goals (SG)) in both four-a-side and six-a-side formats. The heart rate responses were recorded and analysed as an indicator of the intensity of play. The four-a-side format obtained higher intensity of play than six-a-side for PP (p<0.05), but not for SG and RG. SG showed higher intensity of play than RG for four-a-side (p<0.001), but not for six-a-side. PP registered higher intensity of play than RG (p<0.05), but not than SG in four-a-side, whereas in six-a-side no differences were found between the three formats. In conclusion, the modification of variables such as the number of players, the game design and the type of the goal influences the intensity of play in small-sided soccer games in youth players.

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Implications Of Accurate Maximal Heart Rate Parameters In Soccer Players Using Team Monitoring System

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000677964.95819.08 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (7S) ◽

pp. 381-382

Author(s):

Alicja Stannard ◽

Jessica Trapp ◽

Matther Moran ◽

Julie Nolan

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate

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Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Equations Are Inaccurate for Use in Youth Male Soccer Players

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2017-0281 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 495-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zackary S. Cicone ◽

Oleg A. Sinelnikov ◽

Michael R. Esco

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Field Testing ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Rate Equations ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

Bland Altman Method ◽

Mean Differences

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences between measured (MHRobt) and predicted (MHRpred) maximal heart rate (MHR) in youth athletes. Methods: In total, 30 male soccer players [14.6 (0.6) y] volunteered to participate in this study. MHRobt was determined via maximal-effort graded exercise test. Age-predicted MHR (MHRpred) was calculated for each participant using equations by Fox, Tanaka, Shargal, and Nikolaidis. Mean differences were compared using Friedman’s 2-way analysis of variance and post hoc pairwise comparisons. Agreement between MHRobt and MHRpred values was calculated using the Bland–Altman method. Results: There were no significant differences between MHRobt and MHRpred from the Fox (P = .777) and Nikolaidis (P = .037) equations. The Tanaka and Shargal equations significantly underestimated MHRobt (P < .001). All 4 equations produced 95% limits of agreement of ±15.0 beats per minute around the constant error. Conclusions: The results show that the Fox and Nikolaidis equations produced the smallest mean difference in predicting MHRobt. However, the wide limits of agreement suggests that none of the equations adequately account for individual variability in MHRobt. Practitioners should avoid applying these equations in youth athletes and utilize a lab or field testing protocol to obtain MHR.

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Quantifying Training Intensity Distribution in a Group of Norwegian Professional Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.6.1.70 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 70-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Erling A. Algrøy ◽

Ken J. Hetlelid ◽

Stephen Seiler ◽

Jørg I. Stray Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Standardized Testing ◽

Intensity Distribution ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Training Intensity ◽

Professional Soccer

Purpose:This study was designed to quantify the daily distribution of training intensity in a group of professional soccer players in Norway based on three different methods of training intensity quantification.Methods:Fifteen male athletes (age, 24 ± 5 y) performed treadmill test to exhaustion to determine heart rate and VO2 corresponding to ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal heart rate. VT1 and VT2 were used to delineate three intensity zones based on heart rate. During a 4 wk period in the preseason (N = 15), and two separate weeks late in the season (N = 11), all endurance and on-ball training sessions (preseason: N = 378, season: N= 78) were quantified using continuous heart rate registration and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Three different methods were used to quantify the intensity distribution: time in zone, session goal and sRPE.Results:Intensity distributions across all sessions were similar when based on session goal or by sRPE. However, intensity distribution based on heart rate cut-offs from standardized testing was significantly different (time in zone).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that quantifying training intensity by using heart rate based total time in zone is not valid for describing the effective training intensity in soccer. The results also suggest that the daily training intensity distribution in this representative group of high level Norwegian soccer players is organized after a pattern where about the same numbers of training sessions are performed in low lactate, lactate threshold, and high intensity training zones.

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Effect of Training Load on Post-Exercise Cardiac Troponin T Elevations in Young Soccer Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234853 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4853 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rafel Cirer-Sastre ◽

Alejandro Legaz-Arrese ◽

Francisco Corbi ◽

Isaac López-Laval ◽

Jose Puente-Lanzarote ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Cardiac Troponin ◽

High Speed ◽

Troponin T ◽

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Cardiac Troponin T ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Player Tracking

Training load (TL) metrics are usually assessed to estimate the individual, physiological and psychological, acute, and adaptive responses to training. Cardiac troponins (cTn) reflect myocardial damage and are routinely analyzed for the clinical diagnosis of myocardial injury. The association between TL and post-exercise cTn elevations is scarcely investigated in young athletes, especially after playing common team sports such as soccer. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between TL measurements during a small-sided soccer game and the subsequent increase in cTn in young players. Twenty male soccer players (age 11.9 ± 2 years, height 151 ± 13 cm, weight 43 ± 13 kg) were monitored during a 5 × 5 small-sided game and had blood samples drawn before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise for a posterior analysis of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). Internal, external, and mixed metrics of TL were obtained from the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and GPS player tracking. The results show that the concentration of hs-cTnT peaked at 3 h post-exercise in all participants. The magnitude of hs-cTnT elevation was mainly explained by the exercise duration in the maximal heart rate zone (Maximum Probability of Effect (MPE) = 92.5%), time in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.4 %), and distance in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.45%). Our results support the idea that common metrics of TL in soccer, easily obtained using player tracking systems, are strongly associated with the release of hs-cTnT in children and adolescents.

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