Effect of Training Load on Post-Exercise Cardiac Troponin T Elevations in Young Soccer Players

Training load (TL) metrics are usually assessed to estimate the individual, physiological and psychological, acute, and adaptive responses to training. Cardiac troponins (cTn) reflect myocardial damage and are routinely analyzed for the clinical diagnosis of myocardial injury. The association between TL and post-exercise cTn elevations is scarcely investigated in young athletes, especially after playing common team sports such as soccer. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between TL measurements during a small-sided soccer game and the subsequent increase in cTn in young players. Twenty male soccer players (age 11.9 ± 2 years, height 151 ± 13 cm, weight 43 ± 13 kg) were monitored during a 5 × 5 small-sided game and had blood samples drawn before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise for a posterior analysis of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). Internal, external, and mixed metrics of TL were obtained from the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and GPS player tracking. The results show that the concentration of hs-cTnT peaked at 3 h post-exercise in all participants. The magnitude of hs-cTnT elevation was mainly explained by the exercise duration in the maximal heart rate zone (Maximum Probability of Effect (MPE) = 92.5%), time in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.4 %), and distance in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.45%). Our results support the idea that common metrics of TL in soccer, easily obtained using player tracking systems, are strongly associated with the release of hs-cTnT in children and adolescents.

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The Influence of Changes in Acute Training Load on Daily Sensitivity of Morning-Measured Fatigue Variables in Elite Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0433 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (s2) ◽

pp. S2-107-S2-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Robin T. Thorpe ◽

Anthony J. Strudwick ◽

Martin Buchheit ◽

Greg Atkinson ◽

Barry Drust ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

High Speed ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Linear Models ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Daily Training ◽

Submaximal Heart Rate

Purpose:To determine the sensitivity of a range of potential fatigue measures to daily training load accumulated over the previous 2, 3, and 4 d during a short in-season competitive period in elite senior soccer players (N = 10).Methods:Total highspeed-running distance, perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality), countermovement-jump height (CMJ), submaximal heart rate (HRex), postexercise heart-rate recovery (HRR), and heart-rate variability (HRV: Ln rMSSD) were analyzed during an in-season competitive period (17 d). General linear models were used to evaluate the influence of 2-, 3-, and 4-d total high-speed-running-distance accumulation on fatigue measures.Results:Fluctuations in perceived ratings of fatigue were correlated with fluctuations in total high-speed-running-distance accumulation covered on the previous 2 d (r = –.31; small), 3 d (r = –.42; moderate), and 4 d (r = –.28; small) (P < .05). Changes in HRex (r = .28; small; P = .02) were correlated with changes in 4-d total high-speed-running-distance accumulation only. Correlations between variability in muscle soreness, sleep quality, CMJ, HRR%, and HRV and total high-speed-running distance were negligible and not statistically significant for all accumulation training loads.Conclusions:Perceived ratings of fatigue and HRex were sensitive to fluctuations in acute total high-speed-running-distance accumulation, although sensitivity was not systematically influenced by the number of previous days over which the training load was accumulated. The present findings indicate that the sensitivity of morning-measured fatigue variables to changes in training load is generally not improved when compared with training loads beyond the previous day’s training.

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Abnormal heart rate regulation in murine hearts with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related cardiac troponin T mutations

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00247.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 300 (2) ◽

pp. H627-H635 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jesus Jimenez ◽

Jil C. Tardiff

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽

High Frequency ◽

Cardiac Troponin ◽

Adrenergic Receptor ◽

Autonomic Function ◽

Troponin T ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽

Cardiac Troponin T

Mutations in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), Δ160E and R92Q, have been linked to familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC), and some studies have indicated that these mutations can lead to a high incidence of sudden cardiac death in the relative absence of significant ventricular hypertrophy. Alterations in autonomic function have been documented in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We hypothesize that alterations in autonomic function may contribute to mutation-specific clinical phenotypes in cTnT-related FHC. Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) has been used to assess autonomic function from an electrocardiograph. Nontransgenic, Δ160E, or R92Q mice were implanted with radiofrequency transmitters to obtain continuous electrocardiograph recordings during 24-h baseline and 30-min recordings after β-adrenergic receptor drug injections. Although Δ160E mice did not differ from nontransgenic mice for any 24-h HRV measurements, R92Q mice had impaired HR regulation, as measured by a decrease in the SD of the R-R interval, a decrease in the low frequency-to-high frequency ratio, a decrease in normalized low frequency, and an increase in normalized high frequency. β-Adrenergic receptor density measurements and HRV analysis after drug injections did not reveal any significant differences for Δ160E or R92Q mice versus nontransgenic mice. Arrhythmia analysis revealed both an increased incidence of heart block in R92Q mice at baseline and frequency of premature ventricular contractions after isoproterenol injections in Δ160E and R92Q mice. In addition, Δ160E and R92Q mice exhibited a prolonged P duration after drug injections. Therefore, between two independent and clinically severe cTnT mutations within the same functional domain, only R92Q mice exhibited altered autonomic function, whereas both mutations demonstrated abnormalities in conduction and ventricular ectopy.

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Evaluation of cord blood creatine kinase (CK), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and s100B levels in nonreassuring foetal heart rate

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine ◽

10.1080/14767058.2019.1632285 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kübra Irmak ◽

Nevin Tüten ◽

Gizem Karaoglu ◽

Riza Madazli ◽

Abdullah Tüten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Cardiac Troponin ◽

Troponin T ◽

Cardiac Troponin T ◽

Foetal Heart Rate ◽

Foetal Heart

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Seasonal Training-Load Quantification in Elite English Premier League Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2014-0352 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 489-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

James J. Malone ◽

Rocco Di Michele ◽

Ryland Morgans ◽

Darren Burgess ◽

James P. Morton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Time Points ◽

Total Distance ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Premier League ◽

Daily Training ◽

English Premier League

Purpose:To quantify the seasonal training load completed by professional soccer players of the English Premier League.Methods:Thirty players were sampled (using GPS, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) during the daily training sessions of the 2011–12 preseason and in-season period. Preseason data were analyzed across 6 × 1-wk microcycles. In-season data were analyzed across 6 × 6-wk mesocycle blocks and 3 × 1-wk microcycles at start, midpoint, and end-time points. Data were also analyzed with respect to number of days before a match.Results:Typical daily training load (ie, total distance, high-speed distance, percent maximal heart rate [%HRmax], RPE load) did not differ during each week of the preseason phase. However, daily total distance covered was 1304 (95% CI 434–2174) m greater in the 1st mesocycle than in the 6th. %HRmax values were also greater (3.3%, 1.3−5.4%) in the 3rd mesocycle than in the first. Furthermore, training load was lower on the day before match (MD-1) than 2 (MD-2) to 5 (MD-5) d before a match, although no difference was apparent between these latter time points.Conclusions:The authors provide the 1st report of seasonal training load in elite soccer players and observed that periodization of training load was typically confined to MD-1 (regardless of mesocycle), whereas no differences were apparent during MD-2 to MD-5. Future studies should evaluate whether this loading and periodization are facilitative of optimal training adaptations and match-day performance.

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Influence of pitch size and goalkeepers on external and internal load during small-sided games in amateur soccer players

Sport Sciences for Health ◽

10.1007/s11332-021-00766-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Modena ◽

Andrea Togni ◽

Maurizio Fanchini ◽

Barbara Pellegrini ◽

Federico Schena

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Internal Load ◽

Average Speed ◽

Small Pitch ◽

Maximal Speed ◽

Very High

Abstract Purpose To analyse the influence of goalkeepers during 4-a-side small-sided games, played in pitches of two different sizes (small: 30 × 20 m, large: 40 × 30 m). Methods Total distance covered (TD), distance covered at low- (LSD), moderate- (MSD), high- (HSD) and very high-speed (VHSD), average and maximal speed, Edwards’ training load (Edw-TL), time spent above 90% of maximal heart rate (T90%) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored, in 18 amateur soccer players. Results Higher TD (mean difference: + 181 m, Hedge’s g: 0.93 and + 400 m, 3.37), MSD (+ 85 m, 0.79 and + 146 m, 1.64), HSD (+ 101 m, 1.41 and + 179 m, 3.26), VHSD (+ 30 m, 1.89 and + 35 m, 1.26), average speed (+ 0.65 km h−1, 0.88 and + 1.47 km h−1, 3.31) and maximal speed (+ 3.60 km h−1, 1.40 and + 3.58 km h−1, 1.40) were found in large than small pitch, without and with goalkeepers, respectively. Goalkeeper’s presence increased Edw-TL (+ 8.4 AU, 0.70) and reduced TD (− 141 m, 0.75), HSD (− 54 m, 0.75) and average speed (− 0.54 km h−1, 0.76) in small pitch and maximal speed (1.59 km h−1, 0.60 and 1.61 km h−1, 0.66) in both small and large pitches, respectively. RPE was higher (+ 20, 1.52) in the large than small pitch when the goalkeepers were present. Conclusion Implementing small-sided games, coaches should be aware that lower external load with similar internal load could be provided using small pitch with goalkeeper rather than either small goals or larger pitch. Furthermore, large small-sided games without goalkeeper may be the best choice for eliciting high training load.

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