scholarly journals Attenuation of extubation responses: Comparison of prior treatment with verapamil and dexmedetomidine

2016 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 033-039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuhin Mistry ◽  
Shobha Purohit ◽  
Gunjan Arora ◽  
Nitesh Gill ◽  
Jaya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Tracheal Extubation ◽  
Group V ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
American Society ◽  
Airway Responses ◽  
Group D

Abstract Background: Tracheal extubation is almost always associated with stress response, airway response, and arrhythmias. There are many ways to attenuate this stress response. We have compared verapamil and dexmedetomidine on attenuation of these responses. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (American Society of Anaesthesiologists Grade I, II) scheduled for spinal surgeries under general anaesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. At the end of surgery, after return of spontaneous efforts (bispectral index >80), in “Group V” verapamil 0.1 mg/kg and in “Group D” dexmedetomidine 0.3 mcg/kg were administered as bolus intravenously over one minute. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded just before (T0) and 2 min after intravenous administration of study medications (TM), just after oral suction (TS), immediately after extubation (TE) and 1, 3, 5 and 10 min postextubation (E1, E3, E5, E10). Duration of emergence and extubation, quality of extubation, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score and time to reach modified Aldrete score ≥9 were compared. Results: HR, SBP, DBP, MAP were higher in Group V than Group D, but statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Extubation quality scores was 1 for 20%, 2 for 60% and 3 for 20% patients in Group V, whereas 1 in 80%, 2 in 20% in Group D. There was occurrence of bradycardia within 2 min of administration of drug in one patient in Group D. RASS score was in the range of -1 to +1 in >90% patient in Group V, whereas -3 to -1 in 80% cases in Group D. Conclusion: Single dose of dexmedetomidine (0.3 mcg/kg) given before extubation produced significant attenuation of circulatory and airway responses during extubation as compared to verapamil (0.1 mg/kg).

scholarly journals Hemodynamic Stress Response in Controlled Hypertensive Patients- A Randomized Comparison of I-Scope Video Laryngoscope and Macintosh Laryngoscope

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Bankar ◽  
Nisha Kachru ◽  
Rupesh Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Macintosh Laryngoscope ◽  
Orotracheal Intubation ◽  
Group V ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haemodynamic Stress ◽  
American Society

Background: Laryngoscopy and intubation cause activation of the sympathetic nervous system and can results in tachycardia, arrhythmias and hypertension. Hypertensive patients demonstrate a relatively greater rise in catecholamine secretion and an increased sensitivity to them. Aim of the study is to compare the haemodynamic stress response associated with orotracheal intubation using videolaryngoscope or Macintosh laryngoscope in controlled hypertensive patients. Methods: Sixty hypertensive, American Society of Anesthesiologist’s class II, patients were randomly divided in to two groups. In group V (videolaryngoscope), intubation was done with i-scope videolaryngoscope. In group M (Macintosh), intubation was done using Macintosh laryngoscope. Primary objectives of the study pulse rate (PR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were noted immediately after and at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after intubation. Results: The demographic data were comparable in both groups. There was no significant difference at baseline for mean (SD) PR, SBP, DBP and MBP at baseline and after induction/before intubation (p>0.05). The mean (SD) PR, SBP, DBP and MBP were significantly higher in Macintosh laryngoscope group as compared to i-scope videolaryngoscope immediately after intubation, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after intubation (p<0.001). Conclusion: We found that intubation with the use of i-scope videolaryngoscope results in less haemodynamic stress response than Macintosh laryngoscope in controlled hypertensive patients.

Comparative study of hemodynamic effects, quality of extubation and emergence - agitation response of the patients with dexmedetomidine versus lignocaine during and following the endotracheal extubation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Manasi Panat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Tracheal Extubation ◽  
Emergence Agitation ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group D ◽  
Endotracheal Extubation

Background: Endotracheal extubation is the translaryngeal removal of a tube from the trachea via the nose or mouth. It is associated with hemodynamic changes because of reflex sympathetic discharge caused by epipharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal stimulation. Various drugs and techniques have been tried to attenuate the airway and stress responses during tracheal extubation. In present study, we have compared the effects of dexmedetomidine and intravenous lignocaine on the hemodynamic and recovery profiles during endotracheal extubation. Material and Methods: Present study was prospective randomised comparative study, conducted in patients from age group of 18-45 years, ASA grade I/II, scheduled for elective abdominal surgeries. The patients were categorised into two different groups using the sealed envelope method as Group D and group L. Results: In present study, patients were divided in following 2 groups with 50 patients in each group as group D (Dexmedetomidine) and group L (Lignocaine). Age, gender, mean BMI were comparable in both groups and difference was not significant statistically. The difference between mean heart rate, systolic BP, diastolic BP and mean arterial BP during extubation, after extubation at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes in dexmedetomidine group and lignocaine group was statistically significant. In Dexmedetomidine group, 12% of the patients had no cough during extubation, 72% of the patients had smooth extubation with minimal cough while in Lignocaine group, 22% of the patients had smooth extubation with minimal cough, 74 % of the patients had moderate cough during extubation. Statistical analysis of the Emergence agitation score shows better results in group D. Conclusion: Administration of Dexmedetomidine before tracheal extubation was more effective in maintaining the hemodynamic stability, facilitated smooth tracheal extubation and had a better quality of recovery as compared to Lignocaine.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine and lignocaine spray instilled into the endotracheal tube on extubation response in patients undergoing spine surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debojyoti Dutta ◽  
Mukesh Godara ◽  
Shobha Purohit ◽  
Poonam Kalra ◽  
Satya Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Spine Surgery ◽  
Spontaneous Respiration ◽  
Sedation Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group D ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background: In spine surgery rapid emergence and extubation with haemodynamic stability is crucial for early neurological examination. Here, we have studied the effect of α2 agonist – dexmedetomidine intravenous (IV) and lignocaine spray instilled into the endotracheal tube at the end of the procedure to attenuate the extubation responses. Methods: A total of 45 patients undergoing spine surgery were randomly allocated in three groups. After the return of spontaneous respiration, Group-D: Dexmedetomidine 0.3 mcg/kg IV, Group-L: 10% lignocaine spray 1.5 mg/kg through endotracheal route and Group-P: Normal saline IV given over 60 s. Haemodynamic responses (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR] and SpO2) were recorded before and after administration of drugs and also duration of emergence, extubation, quality of extubation and post-operative sedation level were evaluated. Results: The increase in MAP and HR during extubation was significantly less in Group-D than Group-L and Group-P, 2 min after administration of the respective drugs (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the grade of a cough after extubation and post-operative sedation level. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine (0.3 mcg/kg) attenuates haemodynamic response better than lignocaine spray (1.5 mg/kg) during emergence and extubation. It also provides smooth extubation and easy recovery without any post-operative sedative effect.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effect of dexmedetomidine premedication on the quality of subarachnoid block, haemodynamics and sedation in patients undergoing lower limb surgeries: a prospective randomized controlled trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5410
Author(s):  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Mahesh Somani ◽  
Madhan Chandramohan ◽  
Lalit Kumar Raiger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Motor Block ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sensory Blockade ◽  
Group D

Background: Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine on haemodynamics, sedation and quality of spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine.Methods: Sixty ASA grade 1 and 2, 18-60 years aged patients scheduled for elective lower limb surgeries were randomly divided into two groups: Group C (Control) and Group D (Study), received intravenous normal saline 10ml and intravenous dexmedetomidine 1μg/kg in dilution of 10ml respectively over 10minutes duration, 10minutes before subarachnoid block with 2.5ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. The heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), quality of sensory and motor block and level of sedation were monitored intraoperatively and postoperatively.Results: The heart rate was statistically significantly decreased in group D both intraoperatively and postoperatively. Intraoperative and postoperative SBP and DBP were lower in dexmedetomidine group but clinically that was insignificant. Intraoperative Ramsay sedation scores were significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group (3.49±0.240) as compared to control group (2.51±0.249) (p<0.001) but the patients were easily arousable. The duration of sensory blockade (208.83±9.53 min vs 162.83±9.62 min), duration for 2 dermatomal regression of sensory blockade (146.5±10.013min vs 98±8.57min) and the duration for motor block regression to Modified Bromage scale 0 (167.33±10.5min vs 137.83±11.94min) were significantly prolonged in dexmedetomidine group as compared to control group. The highest level of sensory blockade was also significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group (T6.90±0.759 vs T7.60±0.621). There was no difference in the time for attaining highest level of sensory blockade, time taken for motor blockade to reach Modified Bromage Scale 3 between both the groups. Average 24hr mean VAS score was significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group (1.37±0.15 vs1.72±0.17, p<0.001). Time to first request for rescue analgesic was also significantly longer in dexmedetomidine group (mean 174.33min vs 143.5min). Average 24hour consumption of tramadol analgesic was significantly higher in control group as compared to dexmedetomidine group (391.86±111.62mg vs 279.86±80.55mg, p<0.001).Conclusions: Intravenous dexmedetomidine significantly prolongs the duration of sensory and motor block of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia. It provides excellent sedation and analgesia. Dexmedetomidine induced decrease in heart rate, systolic/diastolic blood pressure are not clinically significant. 

scholarly journals Comparison of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine versus Labetalol for Their Effectiveness in Suppression of Haemodynamic Response during Extubation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 286-292
Author(s):  
Parth M. Shah ◽  
Divya Divya Kheskani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Tracheal Extubation ◽  
Drug Injection ◽  
Sympathoadrenal System ◽  
Group D

Background: Tracheal extubation causes autonomic nervous system disturbances which causes tachycardia, hypertension which are harmful in susceptible patients.so we conducted a study between iv Dexmedetomidine and iv Labetalol to assess their effectiveness in decreasing haemodynamic disturbances during extubation. Materials and Methods:we included 100 participants of age of 18-55 yrs with ASA grading I & II and divided them into 2 groups. Group D was given injection Dexmedetomidine 0.6mcg/kg iv and Group L was given injection Labetalol 0.25mg/kg body weight. We recorded Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at baseline, 2,5,8 minutes post drug injection, at extubation and 1,3,5,8,10 and 15 minutes after extubation. Results: Group D had better decreased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the time of extubation, and also 15 minutes post extubation in comparison to Group L. Conclusion: Injection Dexmedetomidine 0.6µg/kg has showed a better attenuating effect on sympathoadrenal system during extubation than injection Labetalol 0.25mg/kg Keywords: Dexmedetomidine, labetalol, extubation,hemodynamics.

scholarly journals A comparative study of different adjuncts to enhance the effects of intrathecal bupivacaine

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 2046
Author(s):  
Debajyoti Sur ◽  
Archana Agarwal ◽  
Ajay Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Jaishri Bogra ◽  
Prithvi Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Postoperative Analgesia ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Total Power ◽  
American Society ◽  
Group D ◽  
Single Blind

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is the commonly used technique for lower abdominal surgeries. Adjuvants to bupivacaine have been used to provide good quality of perioperative and postoperative analgesia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of subarachnoid administration of bupivacaine with clonidine, magnesium, dexmedetomidine and saline group.Methods: The prospective, comparative single blind study included 120 patients in American society of anaesthesiologist (ASA) grade I and II, scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries were allocated in four groups. Each group included 15 mg bupivacaine with various adjuvants (30 µg clonidine, 50 mg magnesium sulphate and 3µg dexmedetomidine) were compared with saline group (group S).Results: Time of onset was earlier in groups D and C but delayed in group M. The total power regains (B0) in group D (250.8±18.87), group M (235.23±24.66) and group C (242.70±25.98) were significantly delayed (p<0.05) as compare with group S (180.07±18.53). Demand of analgesia was significantly earlier in group S as compared with groups C, M and D. Similarly, the time of two segment regression was significantly earlier in group S as compared with groups C, M and D (p<0.001). Patients were hemodynamically stable in groups D, C and M as compared to Group S.Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine and clonidine were equally effective and better as compared to magnesium as an adjunct to intrathecal bupivacaine.

scholarly journals Comparison of dexmedetomidine and lignocaine on attenuation of airway and pressor responses during tracheal extubation

2014 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 050-055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Sharma ◽  
Hemanshu Prabhakar ◽  
Girija Rath ◽  
Parmod Bithal
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Tracheal Extubation ◽  
Rescue Analgesia ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Group D

Abstract Background: Haemodynamic stability and rapid emergence after general anaesthesia used in spinal surgery is a common practice, the goal of which is to permit early neurological motor and sensory examination. Extubation is almost always associated with hypertension, increased airway response and arrhythmias. We have compared the effects of the α-2 agonist Dexmedetomidine and Lignocaine given at the end of the procedure on attenuation of airway and pressor responses following tracheal extubation. This study is a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Materials and Methods: Sixty ASA I-III patients, aged 18-70 years, scheduled to undergo spinal surgery at the level of thoracic, lumbar or sacral region were randomly divided into three groups. Balanced general anaesthesia comprising standard procedures and drugs were used for monitoring, induction and maintenance. At the last skin suture, inhalation anaesthetic was discontinued. After turning the patient supine and return of spontaneous efforts, in Group D Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg, in Group L Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg and in Group P normal saline (10 ml) were administered as bolus intravenously over 60 seconds. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures and heart rate were recorded before intravenous administration and also every minute for 3 minutes, at 5, 10 and 15 minutes post-extubation. Duration of emergence and extubation were noted and attenuation of airway response and quality of extubation was evaluated on cough grading. Results: Mean arterial pressures and heart rate were higher in Group L and Group P than in Group D but not statistically significant. The duration of emergence, extubation and recovery were comparable in all the groups (P > 0.05). Extubation Quality Scores was 1 in 80%, 2 in 20% in Group D; in Group L, the quality scores were 1 for 55%, 2 for 45% and I Group P 1 for 35%, 2 for 45% and 3 for 20% of the patients. The requirement of rescue analgesia was also less and after prolonged time in Group D than in Group L and Group P (P < 0.05). None of the patients in all three groups showed respiratory depression, allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting or shivering. There was occurrence of hypertension for the initial 3 minutes of administration of drug in 10 (50%) of patients in Group D (Dexmedetomidine) group. Conclusion: Without interfering in emergence and extubation times, attenuation of pressor response is comparable between Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg and Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg but airway response is much better controlled allowing a smooth easy extubation providing a more comfortable recovery and early neurological examination following spinal surgeries.

scholarly journals A randomized study of comparison of intravenous dexmedetomidine and intravenous esmolol to attenuate the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3239
Author(s):  
Ninad Deepak Chodankar ◽  
Bhagyashree Shivde
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
American Society ◽  
American Society Of Anesthesiologists ◽  
Group D ◽  
Dexmedetomidine Infusion

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine and esmolol in attenuating the cardiovascular pressor responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.Method: Study was done on 60 adults, American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II normotensive patients, undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia and willing to participate. These patients were randomly allocated to either group E (esmolol) or D (dexmedetomidine). Group ‘D’, patients were given intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion 1 mcg/kg over 10 minutes, 3 minutes before start of laryngoscopy. Group ‘E’, patients were given intravenous esmolol 1.5 mg/kg 2 minutes before start of laryngoscopy. All patients were premedicated, induced and intubated using thiopentone and succinyl choline as per the protocol. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at baseline (taken half an hour prior to anesthesia), before sedation, after induction but before intubation, immediately after endotracheal intubation and thereafter at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 minutes.Results: Immediately after intubation, HR was similar in group D and group E, thereafter HR remained higher in group E as compared to group D, and difference was statistically significant. SBP, DBP and MAP recorded was higher in group E as compared to group D, and difference was statistically significant.Conclusion: Authors conclude that intravenous dexmedetomidine 1 ug/kg is better drug to attenuate hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation as compared to intravenous esmolol 1.5 mg/kg.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND FENTANYL ON AIRWAY RESPONSE AND HEMODYNAMICS DURING TRACHEAL EXTUBATION

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Gyawali ◽  
Renu Gurung ◽  
Priska Bastola ◽  
Megha Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Tracheal Extubation ◽  
Spontaneous Respiration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Airway Reflex ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Airway Responses ◽  
Group B ◽  
Fentanyl Group ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

Background: Extubation is associated with various circulatory and airway responses. Various pharmacological measures including fentanyl and dexmedetomidine have been used to blunt the reflex without compromising the spontaneous respiration. In this study we wanted to compare dexmedetomidine and fentanyl on airway response, smoothness of extubation and hemodynamic changes. Methodology: A total of 68 patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, were randomized into two groups. Group A received dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg/kg and Group B received 1 mcg/kg of fentanyl with the start of skin suturing over a period of 10 minutes via syringe pump. Airway reflex during suction and smoothness of extubation were assessed. Level of sedation during suction, extubation and then every 5 minutes post extubation for 15 minutes were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed every 5 minutes with start of test solution till extubation and then every 5 minutes for 15 minutes. Results: A total of 68 patients were evaluated in the study. In dexmedetomidine group, 67.6% of patients had no cough on extubation while in fentanyl group 35.3% of patients had no cough on extubation  which was statistically significant (p value 0.015). Mean heart rate during extubation increased in both the groups but the increase was 39% in Group B and 11% in Group A from baseline which was statistically significant (p value < 0.001). There was rise in mean systolic and mean arterial pressure during extubation in both the groups but the increase was significantly higher in fentanyl group. Patients in dexmedetomidine group were more sedated but there were no any adverse events. Conclusion: With the results obtained from the study, it is concluded that dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg/kg over 10 minutes before extubation is effective in alleviating airway response and haemodynamics compared to fentanyl 1 mcg/kg.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Oral Gabapentin for Attenuation of Haemodynamic Responses to Laryngoscopy & Endotracheal Intubation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 905-909
Author(s):  
Bhavitha Venigalla ◽  
Sanjot Sudhir Ninave
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Anaesthesia Practice ◽  
Haemodynamic Changes ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
Random Number Table ◽  
American Society

BACKGROUND Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are basic skills to be acquired by an anaesthesiologist. For many years, laryngoscopy has been used as a conventional way to facilitate endotracheal intubation. These are the most critical events because, they provoke a marked rise in sympathoadrenal response as hypertension and tachycardia. There is an absolute need to decrease these haemodynamic responses, for which various drugs were used, with varying degrees of success. Gabapentin, initially used as an anticonvulsant has extended its role into anaesthesia practice with its multimodal effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of oral gabapentin 800 mg in attenuation of haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. METHODS After obtaining institutional ethical clearance, a prospective randomised comparative study was undertaken. Written and informed consent was obtained from 80 patients belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) class I & II scheduled for various elective surgeries under general anaesthesia. They were divided into two groups of 40 each using computer generated random number table. Group G received oral gabapentin 800 mg and group C received empty capsules with sips of water, 2 hours prior to induction. Haemodynamic parameters – heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) were noted and rate pressure product (RPP) was calculated at baseline, at laryngoscopy and then at 1, 3, 5, 10 & 15 minutes after laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. RESULTS In Group G there was significant attenuation of HR, SBP, DBP, MAP at 1, 3 and 5 minutes after laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation as compared to Group C. Hence, in Group G there was significant attenuation of RPP at 1 minute (12673.60 ± 1691.25, 11769.08 ± 1146.02, P = 0.01), 3 minutes (12546.85 ± 1123.78, 11759.98 ± 1358.02, P = 0.01) and 5 minutes (12411.68 ± 1270.04, 11537.03 ± 1230.06, P = 0.002) after laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation as compared to Group C. No statistical difference was seen at 10 and 15 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Oral gabapentin 800 mg given preoperatively can attenuate haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation without significant side effects. KEY WORDS Oral Gabapentin, Laryngoscopy, Endotracheal Intubation, Haemodynamic Changes, Attenuation, Pressor Responses

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