Advocacy in Counseling: Addressing Race, Class, and Gender Oppression

Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Toporek ◽  
William M. Liu
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Yi Chien Jade Ho ◽  
Pei Ting Tham

Abstract In this chapter, researchers offer their own experiences through an extended dialogue between a long-term outdoor educator in Australia and a researcher of outdoor education in Canada. They engage and share their conversations in order to highlight the ways in which outdoor education as an industry and academic field perpetuates systems of racial and gender oppression. Although the chapter centres on racial and gender discrimination embedded in outdoor education policy and practices, the conversation also presents the ways in which class further entrenches systemic discrimination. Each axis of oppression works intersectionally to create unequal material conditions, further marginalizing people and communities who are not white, middle-class and/or male (Crenshaw, 1989; hooks, 2015; Taylor, 2017).


This chapter discusses typologies of modern feminist theories. Lorber's categorisation of feminist theories distinguishes between three broad kinds of feminist discourses: gender reform feminisms, gender resistant feminisms, and gender revolution feminisms. Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley categorise the various types of feminist theories as theories of gender difference, theories of gender inequality, theories of gender oppression, and theories of structural oppression. All theories of gender difference are based on the thesis that the differences between men and women are immutable. These theories include cultural feminist theories, institutional role feminist theories, and existential feminist theories. Cultural feminism is a variety of feminism emphasising essential differences between men and women, based on biological differences in reproductive capacity. Institutional role feminist theories argue that gender differences result from the different roles that women and men come to play within various institutional settings. Existential feminist theories focus on the marginalisation of women as other in a male-created culture.


Literator ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Murray

This article examines how Antjie Krog and Yvonne Vera use literature to explore the issue of complicity in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Both societies have histories that are characterised by violence and trauma and neither society has engaged with these past abuses in a comprehensive way. Krog and Vera’s work reveal their awareness that a failure to deal with the pain of others in a responsible manner renders societies vulnerable to a repetition of past abuses. Any responsible engagement with the pain of others must involve acknowledging one’s own complicity in those abuses, regardless of how indirect one’s involvement may have been. By reading selected extracts of Krog and Vera’s work in terms of Mark Sanders’ theory of complicity, I illustrate how these authors facilitate a responsible engagement with the pain of their characters. The article will pay particular attention to how these authors expose broad complicity in the pain of individuals – individuals who are located at the intersections between racial and gender oppression.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
M. Yuseano Kardiansyah

This research analyzes postcolonial discourse about body and gender relation in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter that tells about obsession toward morality, gender oppression, punishment for sinner, guilty feeling dan individual sin confession. The objective of this research is to reveal the resistance sides toward colonial construction that still exist in society’s social order and norm reflected in that novel. By applying postcolonialism approach and deconstruction method, it is proven that The Scarlet Letter depicts colonized (women) resistance behind its attitude and practice that seems submissive to the power of colonizer (society dan men’s domination).Key Words: Postcolonial Discourse, Body, Gender Relation, Deconstruction, Colonial Construction


Author(s):  
David Monk ◽  
Maria del Guadalupe Davidson ◽  
John C. Harris

Gendered oppression is complex and situated in social constructs which are manifested and learned in education institutions and learning programs the world over. The UN Sustainable Development Goals are an international attempt to create a more equitable world, and they include both education and gender as independent and interdependent goals. Uganda is a country that is attempting to address the significant gender oppression that plagues it. To cure gender oppression realistically and fully, a deep and transformative approach that addresses systemic power imbalances is essential. A disruption of this magnitude requires critical and empowering education that simultaneously ruptures the violence of patriarchy and creates conditions of capability for everyone to heal and move forward together.


Author(s):  
Kristin C. Bloomer

This chapter begins with the caste conflicts leading up to the possession and healing of a Dalit woman in rural Sivagangai District. It offers a general background for readers on the various forms of non-Brahmanical Hindu deity and spirit possession practices prevalent in Tamil Nadu, a brief history of Christianity in India; and the evolution of Mary through history and doctrine. It presents the problematic categories of “universal” versus “local” religious practices. It argues that Marian possession both challenges and colludes with three sorts of hegemony: Brahmanical Hinduism, orthodox Roman Catholicism, and patriarchy. However, such practices allow women to cultivate a form of agency that helps them not only to survive economic, caste, and gender oppression but also to lead themselves and others out of suffering and toward embodied wholeness—“this-worldly redemption.”


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