WORKING FROM HOME: WOMEN BETWEEN PUBLIC AND DOMESTIC SPHERES AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19

This study examines how working mothers negotiate her gender role and strategize in facing the condition when domestic and public sphere exist in one space called home after the outbreak COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The research questions are ” how far does working from home give an impact in changing patriarchal gender relation and distribution of work division at home?”, and “to what extends women modify their home functions in coping with COVID-19 pandemic condition and in minimizing patriarchal authority at their own home?” The research uses qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and questioner filling, and focuses on samples of 30 middle class working women, living in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) area. This study argues that as the impact of Covid pandemic condition, the middle class working mothers, who have been “forced to go back” to their homes, seemingly, use their homes as “struggling places” to renegotiate the old patriarchal role divisions and unequal gender/power relations. Moreover, it is argued that their homes, to some extends, are used as learning sites for gender equality values, and modified to fulfill their extended functions: as domestic, work, and social spheres.

MAKNA DAN PERUBAHAN RELASI GENDER BAGI PEREMPUAN PEKERJA DADAKAN DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

2020 is a historic year due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus. As a result, people are forced to adapt to a new normal situation, which changes their daily lives order. In this condition, women are experiencing a double burden, including when men, as 'breadwinners', has experiencing the termination of employment (PHK) or decreasing in his income. There are various ways that women do for supporting their children and family needs. Such as being an unexpected worker. This study aims to provide an explanation on the meaning of being an unepected worker and gender relation changes using Bourdieu perspective. The research method employed is descriptive qualitative, using a case study. Data are collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that the meaning of becoming an unexpected worker and the process of gender relations changes cannot be separated from the habitus of women. Work has economic and non-economic meaning when workers become impromptu workers. In the context of changing gender relations, the higher level of women education, the more parallel the gender relations are formed. Vice versa, the lower of their educations, the more domination of men in a gender relation. Tahun 2020 menjadi tahun bersejarah karena merebaknya virus Covid-19, akibatnya masyarakat mengubah tata cara kehidupan sehari-hari. Dalam kondisi ini, perempuan menjadi pihak yang harus bekerja ekstra, termasuk saat laki-laki sebagai 'income earner' mengalami Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) atau pengurangan pendapatan. Berbagai cara dilakukan perempuan untuk anak dan kelangsungan keluarga, salah satunya dengan menjadi perempuan pekerja dadakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberi gambaran makna menjadi pekerja dadakan dan perubahan relasi gender yang terjadi denga menggunakan teori sosial Bourdeui. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan makna menjadi pekerja dadakan dan perubahan relasi gender tersebut tidak lepas dari habitus perempuan. Terdapat makna ekonomi dan non-ekonomi saat perempuan menjadi pekerja dadakan. Dalam konteks perubahan relasi gender semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan semakin sejajar relasi gender yang terbentuk. Begitu pula sebaliknya, semakin rendah tingkat pendidikan semakin perempuan didominasi oleh laki-laki dalam sebuah relasi gender.

ACCESS TO MOBILE PHONES AND WOMEN'S SOCIO-ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF BANGLADESH: UNDERSTANDING GENDER RELATION TRANSFORMATION

The discussion about women's access to and use of ICTs in developing countries has been an unsettled issue. Some schools of thought claim that due to engagement with household chores, traditional social norms, and values, women are less interested in ICTs, while others argue that like other social products, technology is not gender-neutral. However, this research conducted an empirical study on the self-employed women in rural areas of the Chittagong District of Bangladesh. A mixed-method was applied to analyze the collected data. The study tries to explore the impact of mobile phones and mobile internet on rural women’s income generation activities; and how gender relation at the household level has been transforming due to access to mobile phones. The findings reveal that having access to mobile phones, rural self-employed women are performing better than women who have no access to mobile phones and mobile internet. From both social and economic perspectives, the uses of mobile phones assist rural women to take part in decision-making, awareness build-up, increase movement, and control over income. However, strong patriarchal norms and traditional cultural constraints sometimes create barriers in access to mobile phones for rural women. Notwithstanding, the study depicts that ensuring gender-sensitive ICT policy and social awareness activities might lessen the barriers of women’s access to mobile phones and the internet in the periphery areas. However, this research puts these issues to an empirical test.

Relasi Gender dalam Pernikahan Keturunan Sayyid di Desa Cikoang Kabupaten Takalar; Studi Kasus Perbandingan Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Adat

Islamic law holds that the concept of kafaah comes from various aspects, namely religion, descent, property, and face. Among these four things, Sharia prioritizes religion as the main yardstick in determining the concept of kaffah. On the other hand, customary law views that the marriage of sayye descendants in a society still maintains their familiarity, system and belief in the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. rules that have become absolute and nothing can be seen. However, the marriage system becomes a problem because it can exclude women, and their rights as women. The purpose of this study was to examine and trace the ins and outs of the Sayye marriage system so that gender relations were born among the Sayye community. The research method used is field research and is qualitative and comparative. Sources of data used in this study come from primary and secondary data. The result of this research is that the form of Sayyid's marriage gender relation has the right to determine in his life

Equality just Over the Horizon: Soviet Gender Equality in Law and Policy

This article presents an analysis of Soviet law on the family which was valid in Lithuania from 1940, in order to ascertain how it reflected gender equality, how (or if ) it was formed, the legal measures the state harnessed in order to create family and gender relation models in various areas of life, and what kind of family and gender policy formed as a result. The law is contextualised in this paper by immersing it in the social reality of its time. This allows us to determine what norms and provisions determined the political and legal resolutions of the Soviet authorities, and to discuss their influence on society. The two most important periods in Soviet gender policy are distinguished. Initially revolutionary and radical in Lithuania, with the aim of changing society to realise its goals, after the 1950s, state policy became more reactive, and adapted to the changed, modernised society and its needs. This paper proposes to see changes to women’s situation during the Soviet period not as emancipation, but as (double) mobilisation. The reasons for the stagnation in masculinity in Soviet law and policy, for not keeping up with or adapting to the rapidly changing social reality, are also analysed. The contradictions in Soviet policy regarding the family and gender are shown, where it proved impossible to unambiguously apply ‘conservative-liberal’ or ‘traditional- liberal’ distinctions in both policy and reality.

SLIP OF THE TONGUE AND GENDER RELATION IN ADVANCE DEBATE COMMUNITY

This study discusses the slip of the tongue found in male and female debaters of Advance Debate Community (ADC). This particular topic is chosen with the assumption that gender difference can influence slip of the tongue. It aims at describing how the slip of the tongue produced by male and female debaters on ADC debate performance. In addition, it deciphers the factors causing the slips of tongue. To get the intended results, this study used descriptive analysis to explain the existing data. The ADC debate record was converted to text manually. Then, the result was identified into the utterances containing slip of tongue. The researchers classified data types based on the slip of tongue model according to Caroll (1986). There are eight types of slip of tongue presented, namely: anticipation, perseveration, reversal/exchange, blend, misderivation, substitution, addition and deletion. The findings show that the male debaters produce more slip of tongue by displaying thirteen slip of tongue with five different types, namely: anticipation, misderivation, substitution, addition, and deletion. While female debaters display fewer slip of tongue, that is nine slip of tongue but more varied with six different types, namely: anticipation, blend, misderivation, substitution, addition and deletion.

Gender and Energy for Space Heating and Cooling

Energy is one of the crucial aspects now-a-days to be considered from the household chores to the educational, transportation, industrial and many other sectors. Apart from cooking, space heating and cooling also have greater impact as buildings consume about 40% of world’s energy use and major part of energy is used for space heating and cooling [1]. Gender is another aspect that should be taken in to consideration in the energy sector. Discrimination between men and women, either it may be in the knowledge regarding energy sector, profession, application and practices etc. is seen in our society. Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate the impacts of space heating and cooling in the energy consumption pattern of Residential buildings. This paper explores how the gender issues in the energy sector can be addressed and how can it lead towards the sustainable development of the society and then nation. At the same time, paper highlights the changes and improvements in the energy consumption pattern with the enrollment of women in the energy sector. The conclusions are derived from the several literature studies and explorative data analysis with the concern of gender relation with the energy efficiency in the space heating and cooling of residential buildings.

LAYERS OF DISCOURSE AND GENDER RELATION IN KHALED HOSSEINI'S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

Purpose of the study: The research explores the gender relation and coercion on the marginalized section—women primarily due to socialized stereotypes in Hosseini's bestselling A Thousand Splendid Suns. The paper deciphers discrimination among the Muslim society of Afghanistan. It leads to how the filial and societal norms, which women are expected to upkeep, gradually develop revulsion and motivation for resilience to bring peace in filial relations. Methodology: In the context of postcolonial and feminist literary debates, this research is framed by Discourse Analysis of Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Karl Marx, and Foucauldian theories on 'Othering,' alienation, and power relation. Main Findings: It is found that the inflexible gendered roles in conventional Afghan society instigate the oppressed to cultivate insolence against cultural hierarchy. The female characters, three generations apart, an embodiment of Afghan women, show resilience against the discourses. Women, being more prone to being triply marginalized in the regimes of phallocentric norms—Taliban dictatorship, and western ideologies of Soviet and American government. Applications of this study: The novel is chosen to discuss this problem as it demonstrates Afghan women's conflicts through the heart-rendering portrayal of their positions and roles in the community. The protagonists develop a sisterhood to raise voice against the cultural institutions to seek peace in filial relations. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novel is thoroughly examined under discourse related to gender relations and under feministic criticism, which is far apart when we talk about the women in third world countries. They try to gain their space and share not by keeping themselves in the centre similar to Eurocentric feminism; rather, they are more concerned with filial welfare instead of the 'self.'