American Claimants

This chapter examines descriptions of the British Museum in travel narratives and diaries by American travelers to show how it informed broader conversations about the development of American museums. Visiting during the mid-nineteenth century, American tourists encountered a museum that was attempting to organize its collections and define its purpose as a public museum, and their descriptions highlight the anxieties raised by this process. Nathaniel Hawthorne lamented the museum’s vast quantities of objects, linking a fruitless search for meaningful artifacts to questions of genealogy. Other American travelers more explicitly considered the role of visitors in interpreting collections. The artist Orra White Hitchcock reflected on the place of women in the museum’s galleries, while the Black abolitionist William Wells Brown celebrated the opportunity to continue his education and to participate in critical discussions of the museum.

Depicting Women Through Transitivity Choices: A Comparative Analysis

The study aims at depicting how male and female authors portray female characters and how their core ideologies and social influences affect these depictions. This study is based on the feminist stylistic approach, proposed by Sara Mills (1995), embedded with the literary theory of feminism. It is an overlapping field that has its roots in critical discourse analysis. This stance is significant as it allows to critically look at the substance to uncover the ideology related to women. From a feminist stylistic perspective, the notion of presenting the distorted image of the female entity is associated with male authors leading to the point that female authors portray female characters positively as compared to their male counterparts. By employing Halliday’s transitivity framework (2004) in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) as an analytic tool, the utterances of the female protagonists from both the novels: The Blithedale Romance by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, have been analysed into the process, participants and circumstances. Social influence, mostly in the form of male domination, on ideologies and linguistic choices in the depiction of women in both the writers’ work has been found on almost equal grounds.

Collapse of the Scenic Method

Beyond the imperative or appearance of realism, some scenic impulse in nineteenth-century fiction determines narrative pace. One looks, then, to Charlotte Brontë, to Nathaniel Hawthorne, and even to the realist Balzac in his theatrical tendencies. This chapter reckons with how the scenic impulse that engenders scene-and-summary fiction also leads to its collapse. Chapters become scenes; chapter entries become rising curtains; summaries become prologues for a scene that waits beyond the threshold. One sees it in Zola, Howells, Kate Chopin …. But the seeming culmination appears when Henry James, in the 1890s, avows that he is bound to “the scenic method.” James’s career is one of the most illuminating representations of the arc of the scene-and-summary novel, and its climax appears at the end of the nineteenth century. From there, with late James, one senses a resurgence of romance in the form of narrative lyricism, and one begins to wonder whether pace will be dissolved in that lyrical expanse.

Analisis Cerpen untuk Pembelajaran Sejarah Amerika

Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga cerita pendek Amerika yang berlatar tiga zaman sejarah yang berbeda: “The Minister’s Black Veil” oleh Nathaniel Hawthorne (Kaum Puritan di New England), “Désirée’s Baby” oleh Kate Chopin (Perbudakan di Louisiana sebelum Perang Saudara), dan Ken Liu’s “The Paper Menagerie” (Pernikahan antar ras di Amerika tahun 1970-an). Dengan menggunakan metode close reading, penelitian kualitatif ini menganalisis ketiga cerpen yang menjadi data primer dan mengkontekstualisasikannya dengan sejarah Amerika, biografi pendek masing-masing pengarang, dan teks-teks yang relevan yang diperlakukan sebagai data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, ketiga cerpen menggambarkan intoleransi, krisis identitas, dan rasisme dalam berbagai tingkatan. Kedua, supremasi agama dan warna kulit mendominasi sepanjang sejarah Amerika seperti yang diungkapkan secara imajinatif oleh setiap cerita. Ketiga, meskipun diperlakukan tidak adil, tokoh perempuan bertahan hidup. Sikap mereka memberikan pandangan baru tentang peran perempuan yang sering diabaikan oleh sejarah resmi. Sebagai simpulan, cerita pendek dapat diberikan sebagai materi pengayaan yang bermakna dalam pembelajaran sejarah untuk menggugah cara berpikir kritis, empati, serta kegembiraan dalam belajar.

THE PORTRAYAL OF FEMALE CHARACTER IN “LADY ELEANORE’S MANTLE” BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE

This research concern with the analysis of female character in Lady Eleanore’s Mantle by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The purpose of the research is to describe the female character of Lady Eleanore’s Mantle by Nathaniel Hawthorne short stories by analyzing the main female characters to the development of the plot. This research using two methods, which are qualitative and descriptive. The problem of research is want to desribe the portrayal of female character in Lady Eleanore’s Mantle. The woman is a beautiful, rich, and has high position in her community. Always get more attention and special treatment from other people and make her became to an arrogant girl. At the end, the woman get punishment and died tragically

The Travel Sketch

Focusing on the early work of three well-known American Romantic authors who are not best known as travel writers, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau, the first chapter examines the midcentury rise in popularity of the picturesque travel sketch genre. Writers engaged in this genre used the picturesque to consider the effects of history on the landscape and meditate on America’s past and future. Although modern scholarship has typically dismissed the picturesque travel sketch as superficial, this chapter demonstrates that writers used the spatiotemporal protocols of the picturesque to think through American exceptionalism, particularly the view that the frontier landscape helps to make the nation unique. This topic is filtered through the travelers’ views of picturesque scenery that touch upon the relationship of human to natural time (“deep time”), the resonances of the national past on the present (particularly in the residual presence of Native Americans and the colonial past), and the future effects of spatial expansion and new people (particularly immigrants) on the American landscape.

Mulher, este é o teu emblema da vergonha: Quando a mulher é objeto mas não co-sujeito da jurisdição social e religiosa

Em A Letra Escarlate (1850), de Nathaniel Hawthorne, são expostas as consequências existencialmente destrutivas de uma sociedade patriarcal e de uma Igreja clerical em que a mulher é expulsa do espaço público como sujeito e destinatário normativo e acolhida nele unicamente como sujeita a (nomeadamente transgressora de) uma normatividade estabelecida exclusivamente pelo homem. Esta desigualdade não é, no entanto, prejudicial unicamente à condição social da mulher, mas também à autocompreensão geral da sociedade e dos homens em particular, ao privar a sua elaboração ética, jurídica e religiosa dos recursos hermenêuticos peculiares da experiência feminina (especialmente a da maternidade). A constelação judiciária de norma, transgressão, condenação e castigo, sobrepõe-se ideologicamente à interpretação religiosa da culpa do ponto de vista cristão, tornando incompreensível a constelação evangélica de mandamento, pecado, conversão e perdão, assim como a diferença entre castigo e expiação. Unicamente na perspetiva ‘materna’ de orientação para o futuro, gerada pelo amor e pela assunção de responsabilidade para com o humanamente ‘dado à luz’, se dá a abertura à gratuidade do amor redentivo de Deus, cuja justiça é força de salvação e não de perdição. Esta diferença de perspetiva tem consequências relevantes na moral familiar, em particular em relação aos divorciados recasados. No comportamento do padre coprotagonista do romance, de ocultamento público da própria culpa e de irresponsabilidade para com os indivíduos nela envolvidos (a antiga amante e a filha), é exposto o mecanismo patriarcal de ‘excecionalismo clerical’ ainda hoje difuso no seio da Igreja e que está na base da gestão moralmente errada e historicamente falimentar do fenómeno do abuso de menores e de pessoas vulneráveis.

The American Art of Memory

This article provides a genealogy of the architectural figuration of human cognition from the ancient world to Renaissance Europe and, finally, to the American Renaissance where it came to possess a striking cultural and literary potency. The first section pursues the two-fold task of elucidating this archetypal trope for consciousness, both its ancient moorings and its eventual transmission into Europe. The second section shows that three of the most prominent writers of the American Renaissance—Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Nathaniel Hawthorne—engaged this mystically inspired architectonic symbolism, employing far older techno-cultural suppositions about interior space. I thereby offer an account of the intellectual and spiritual heritage upon which Romantic writers in the United States drew to articulate cognitive interiority. These Romantics did more than value creativity in contradistinction to Enlightenment rationalism; they were acknowledging themselves as recipients of the ancient belief in cosmogenesis as self-transformation.

Republic

This chapter is the first of two “foundations” that form the second part of the book. Starting with an analysis of the analogies drawn between Donald Trump and Roman emperors across the mediascape of 2016, it introduces the temporal and political relationship between the Roman and American republics, via the work of Hannah Arendt and Ian Baucom. It then moves backwards through American history, from the twenty-first to the eighteenth centuries, bringing in a wide range of American writers: Ursula Le Guin, John Williams, Upton Sinclair, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James, Louisa McCord, Mercy Otis Warren, and several others. Keeping the Roman analogy at the heart of its discussions, this chapter ultimately demonstrates the ways in which writers generate networks of coeval connection between ancient past and modern present in order to variously uphold and break down the seemingly contingent political, social, and racial logics of American empire.