scholarly journals Toxicity of Boswellia dalzielii (Burseraceae) Leaf Fractions against Immature Stages of Anopheles gambiae (Giles) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S37188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lame Younoussa ◽  
Elias Nchiwan Nukenine ◽  
Charles Okechukwu Esimone
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

Mosquitoes are vectors of several human pathogens, and great attention has recently been placed on insecticides from plant-derived products, in search for mosquito control agents. This study, thus, investigated the potency of Boswellia dalzielii methanol leaf extract and its four fractions as mosquito ovicide, larvicide, and pupicide against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. The plant products were tested at the following concentrations: 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm on eggs and 312.5, 625, 1250, and 2500 ppm on the larvae and pupae of the mosquitoes. For results, hatchability of A. gambiae eggs was reduced to 5% with n-hexane fraction at 2000 ppm. Among the plant products tested, n-hexane fraction was most toxic against A. gambiae (LC50 = 385.9 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 3394.9 ppm). The n-hexane fraction of B. dalzielii might be used as a mosquitocidal agent in the breeding sites of A. gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus.

The breeding requirements of three members of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in the endemic malaria area of Natal, South Africa

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
David le Sueur ◽  
Brian L. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Endemic Malaria ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Insecticide Spray

AbstractThe breeding sites used by three species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex were investigated in northern Natal, South Africa. Those used by the two freshwater species, A. arabiensis Patton and A. quadriannulatus (Theobald) were similar, immature stages of both being collected from the same pool at five out of seven localities from which A. arabiensis was recorded. A. quadriannulatus was the most extensively distributed species of the complex and was found in association with A. arabiensis at only five of 49 localities. The difficulty in locating the breeding sites of A. arabiensis is a product of their low density, presumably as a result of the intra-domiciliary, residual insecticide spray programme. A. merus Dönitz larvae and pupae were recorded only in water with a salinity greater than 5 p.p.t. The pH, dissolved oxygen, pool size, turbidity, shade and association with vegetation of water bodies containing A. gambiae s.l. were also recorded and showed no difference between the three species. The importance of distinguishing between winter and summer breeding sites is discussed, as well as the need for entomological consultation prior to agricultural development in endemic malarious areas.

scholarly journals Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporodia: Plasmodiidae) and O’nyong-nyong Virus Development in a Transgenic Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Strain

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Mumford ◽  
Carole A Long ◽  
Scott C Weaver ◽  
Katzutoyo Miura ◽  
Eryu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Homing Endonuclease ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Transgenic Mosquitoes

Abstract Transgenic Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes have been developed that confer sexual sterility on males that carry a transgene encoding a protein which cuts ribosomal DNA. A relevant risk concern with transgenic mosquitoes is that their capacity to transmit known pathogens could be greater than the unmodified form. In this study, the ability to develop two human pathogens in these transgenic mosquitoes carrying a homing endonuclease which is expressed in the testes was compared with its nontransgenic siblings. Infections were performed with Plasmodium falciparum (Welch) and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) and the results between the transgenic and nontransgenic sibling females were compared. There was no difference observed with ONNV isolate SG650 in intrathoracic infections or the 50% oral infectious dose measured at 14 d postinfection or in mean body titers. Some significant differences were observed for leg titers at the medium and highest doses for those individuals in which virus titer could be detected. No consistent difference was observed between the transgenic and nontransgenic comparator females in their ability to develop P. falciparum NF54 strain parasites. This particular transgene caused no significant effect in the ability of mosquitoes to become infected by these two pathogens in this genetic background. These results are discussed in the context of risk to human health if these transgenic individuals were present in the environment.

Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by the precipitin test

1973 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Service
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Time Specific

Larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (species A and B) were sampled in Kenya, and from the frequencies of the age distribution of the immature stages time-specific life-tables were constructed. Daily survival rates and instar mortalities showed that there was high mortality amongst fourth-instar larvae, due at least in part to infections of larval nematodes, Coelomomyces and epibionts. Antiserum to the A. gambiae complex was prepared in rabbits so that the precipitin test could be employed to detect the presence of A. gambiae in gut smears taken from possible predators. By this serological technique various spiders, Diptera, Coleoptera and amphibia were identified as predators. These may be very important in regulating populations of A. gambiae even in small collections of water.

Comparative studies on sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Dipt., Culicidae). II. Ecology of species A and B in savanna around Kaduna, Nigeria, during transition from wet to dry season

1973 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. White ◽  
P. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

An intensive study was made of the ecology of species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex at Kaduna, Nigeria, in October 1971. In collections comprising 383 larvae and 678 adult females from six villages, species A represented 82% of the larvae and 86, 89 and 91% respectively of the adult females caught by spray catches indoors, by biting catches outdoors and by exit traps fitted to windows. Larvae of species A and B occurred together in 42% of 57 breeding sites and showed no differential distribution among the various categories of site. Minor variations among the proportions of A and B females captured by different methods in the six villages showed no consistent contrasts. The only significant variation of the A/B ratio occurred at a temporary Fulani camp of cattle herdsmen, near Anguwun Maaza village, where an enhanced number of species B females were present indoors. At this Fulani camp a considerable number of both A and B females were feeding on cows outdoors and resting indoors during the day. Human blood indices of indoor-resting females were 88% for species A and 39% for species B at this camp, compared with 100% for both species at villages without cattle. Larval breeding places harboured an expectable range of insect predators. Predators of adult A. gambiae were not investigated although a predacious Emesine bug, Tinna elongata Villiers, was recorded in some huts. Numerous pathogen infections of larvae were observed, namely, Thelohania in 19%, Coelomomyces in 16%, unidentified gregarines in 7% and black-body virus in 3% of gambiae-positive breeding sites. Thelohania, Coelomomyces and gregarine infections were also encountered in adult females. Malaria sporozoite rates were 9·3% in species A and 5·5% in species B females. Some infections of stage III larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were also seen in species A females.

scholarly journals Entomocidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts: Studies on two dipterous insect pests Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 347-358
Author(s):  
Kayode David Ileke
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Monodora Myristica ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1832) mosquitoes are the main vectors of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. This study aims to analyze the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts against An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 oC +/- 2 oC and 75% +/- 5% relative humidity. The results showed that M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts significantly affect all stages of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus tested. The mosquitocidal toxicity of the two plant extracts is dosage dependent. Anti-larval activity of M. myristica at rate 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L caused 100% mortality of An. gambiae larvae while it evoked 80% and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The same trend of results were also obtained on the anti-pupal and adulticidal toxicity of M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts. As larvicides, pupicides and adulticides, the LC50s and LC90s, after 24 h varied across plant extracts and mosquito species. C. sumatrensis attained LC50 and LC90 at higher concentration than M. myristica. On An. gambiae larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 86.95 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). Similarly, the LC90s after 24 h on An. gambiae larvae, varied from 278.39 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). For Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 391.41 mg/L (M. myristica) to 898.20 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). The seed extract of M. myristica exerted the best pupicidal activity among the two tested extracts with LC50 and LC90 values of 140.61 mg/L and 520.35 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 157.59 mg/L and 781.86 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae. On adulticidal activity, seed of M. myristica exerted LC50 and LC90 values of 122.79 mg/L and 502.99 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 215.05 mg/L and 981.25 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults. The two tested plants can be integrated into pest management programmes to combat human malaria and lymphatic filariasis vectors breeding site in Nigeria. I recommend formulation of M. myristica seeds which have the lowest LC50 and LC90 after 24 h of exposure for field evaluation.

scholarly journals Insecticidal Activities of Leaf Methanol Extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
F. B. Adewoyin ◽  
A. B. Odaibo ◽  
C. A. Elusiyan ◽  
J. M. Agbedahunsi
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Filter Papers ◽  
Insecticidal Activities

Aim: In a view to determining the capacity of Clerodendrum polycephalum to control mosquitoes, the methanol extract of the leaf was investigated for insecticidal activities using three species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methodology: The leaves of C. polycephalum were collected, dried and extracted with methanol.   Mosquito larvae were exposed to different concentrations for 24/48h. and sublethal concentrations (L25, 50, 75) of the extract to determine larvicidal activity and monitor growth and development respectively. Twenty (20) blood-fed female Aedes aegyti mosquitoes were allowed to lay eggs on treated filter papers for antioviposition bioassay. The crude extract was separated into N-hexane, Dichloromethane, ethyl-acetate, ethanol fractions using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography to determine the active fraction. Results: Results showed that larval mortalities were in the order C. quiquefasciatus>A. gambiae>A. aegypti with effective concentration ranging from 250 – 8000 ppm. Mortalities at 48hr were significantly different (p<0.05) from mortalities at 24h. Of the four fractions obtained, ethanol fraction gave the highest larval mortality of 100% at 2000 ppm. Larval duration for all the three species of mosquitoes exposed to the crude extract varied between 2.25±0.5 and 3.25±0.5 days. As Antioviposition Index increased from 46.4 - 89.9, percent hatching of mosquito eggs deceased from 87.25 – 67.5% with increasing concentration. Conclusion: The extract of C. polycephalum was found to contain insecticidal compounds which are soluble in polar solvent. The plant could be exploited in mosquito control programme.

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