Infection levels of Coelomomyces indicus Iyengar in larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles, as related to the copepod fauna in breeding sites at the Kenya Coast

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Sabwa ◽  
W. A. Otieno ◽  
M. O. Odindo
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Coelomomyces Indicus ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

The breeding requirements of three members of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in the endemic malaria area of Natal, South Africa

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
David le Sueur ◽  
Brian L. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Endemic Malaria ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Insecticide Spray

AbstractThe breeding sites used by three species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex were investigated in northern Natal, South Africa. Those used by the two freshwater species, A. arabiensis Patton and A. quadriannulatus (Theobald) were similar, immature stages of both being collected from the same pool at five out of seven localities from which A. arabiensis was recorded. A. quadriannulatus was the most extensively distributed species of the complex and was found in association with A. arabiensis at only five of 49 localities. The difficulty in locating the breeding sites of A. arabiensis is a product of their low density, presumably as a result of the intra-domiciliary, residual insecticide spray programme. A. merus Dönitz larvae and pupae were recorded only in water with a salinity greater than 5 p.p.t. The pH, dissolved oxygen, pool size, turbidity, shade and association with vegetation of water bodies containing A. gambiae s.l. were also recorded and showed no difference between the three species. The importance of distinguishing between winter and summer breeding sites is discussed, as well as the need for entomological consultation prior to agricultural development in endemic malarious areas.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Boswellia dalzielii (Burseraceae) Leaf Fractions against Immature Stages of Anopheles gambiae (Giles) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S37188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lame Younoussa ◽  
Elias Nchiwan Nukenine ◽  
Charles Okechukwu Esimone
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

Mosquitoes are vectors of several human pathogens, and great attention has recently been placed on insecticides from plant-derived products, in search for mosquito control agents. This study, thus, investigated the potency of Boswellia dalzielii methanol leaf extract and its four fractions as mosquito ovicide, larvicide, and pupicide against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. The plant products were tested at the following concentrations: 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm on eggs and 312.5, 625, 1250, and 2500 ppm on the larvae and pupae of the mosquitoes. For results, hatchability of A. gambiae eggs was reduced to 5% with n-hexane fraction at 2000 ppm. Among the plant products tested, n-hexane fraction was most toxic against A. gambiae (LC50 = 385.9 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 3394.9 ppm). The n-hexane fraction of B. dalzielii might be used as a mosquitocidal agent in the breeding sites of A. gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus.

Comparative studies on sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Dipt., Culicidae). II. Ecology of species A and B in savanna around Kaduna, Nigeria, during transition from wet to dry season

1973 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. White ◽  
P. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

An intensive study was made of the ecology of species A and B of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex at Kaduna, Nigeria, in October 1971. In collections comprising 383 larvae and 678 adult females from six villages, species A represented 82% of the larvae and 86, 89 and 91% respectively of the adult females caught by spray catches indoors, by biting catches outdoors and by exit traps fitted to windows. Larvae of species A and B occurred together in 42% of 57 breeding sites and showed no differential distribution among the various categories of site. Minor variations among the proportions of A and B females captured by different methods in the six villages showed no consistent contrasts. The only significant variation of the A/B ratio occurred at a temporary Fulani camp of cattle herdsmen, near Anguwun Maaza village, where an enhanced number of species B females were present indoors. At this Fulani camp a considerable number of both A and B females were feeding on cows outdoors and resting indoors during the day. Human blood indices of indoor-resting females were 88% for species A and 39% for species B at this camp, compared with 100% for both species at villages without cattle. Larval breeding places harboured an expectable range of insect predators. Predators of adult A. gambiae were not investigated although a predacious Emesine bug, Tinna elongata Villiers, was recorded in some huts. Numerous pathogen infections of larvae were observed, namely, Thelohania in 19%, Coelomomyces in 16%, unidentified gregarines in 7% and black-body virus in 3% of gambiae-positive breeding sites. Thelohania, Coelomomyces and gregarine infections were also encountered in adult females. Malaria sporozoite rates were 9·3% in species A and 5·5% in species B females. Some infections of stage III larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were also seen in species A females.

scholarly journals Human biting rhythm of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 (Diptera: Culicidae) and sleeping behaviour of pregnant women in a lagoon area in Southern Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Djènontin ◽  
Aziz Bouraima ◽  
Christophe Soares ◽  
Seun Egbinola ◽  
Gilles Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Southern Benin

Abstract Objective In the framework of EVALMOUS study aiming to assess the use and effectiveness of mosquito nets by pregnant women and other members of their household in a lagoon area in southern Benin, the behaviour of pregnant women relative to the time they go to bed using the net were recorded. Malaria vectors biting rhythm, Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance genes in malaria vectors were also determined. Results Overall, 3848 females of Anopheles gambiae s. l were collected and 280 pregnant women responded to the survey. Almost all Anopheles gambiae s. l. tested were Anopheles coluzzi Coetzee and Wilkerson 2013 (Diptera: Culicidae). The CSP index in malaria vector was 1.85% and the allelic frequency of kdr gene was 74.4%. Around 90% of bites and Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) transmission occurred between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., which coincides with the period when more than 80% of pregnant women were under bednet. Despite a slight early evening and early morning biting activity of malaria vectors in the study area, the good use of nets might remain a useful protection tool against mosquito biting and malaria transmission.

Studies of House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. I.—The Outside Resting Population

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Lowland Area ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Periodic Examination

The behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles was studied under natural conditions in a lowland area of Tanganyika.Studies on the outside resting population were carried out by direct searching for natural resting sites, and by the use of artificial box shelters partly buried in the ground in shaded localities. Catches in these give a valid sample when set up at some distance from houses.Fed and gravid females comprised 67 per cent. of the outside resting gambiae population, the latter group being between 12 and 4·5 times as numerous as the former. Rather less than half the funestus females caught were unfed, the remainder of the population being mainly composed of gravid females.Precipitin tests on the small numbers of fed females caught outside were nearly all positive for man.The identification of gravid funestus females was confirmed by periodic examination of the eggs.Entry of females into outside shelters did not occur solely in the period around sunrise. An appreciable number of funestus females did not enter before 07.00 hours and this was particularly so in shaded shelters.The building of a hut in the vicinity of a box shelter caused a drastic reduction in the numbers of mosquitos resting in the latter.Outside biting activity in these two species is of negligible importance as a source of females resting outside.

scholarly journals Characterizing Permethrin and Etofenprox Resistance in Two Common Laboratory Strains of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Gross ◽  
Jeffrey Bloomquist
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticide ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles

Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) is the most prolific malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, where widespread insecticide resistance has been reported. An. gambiae laboratory strains are commonly used to study the basic biology of this important mosquito vector, and also in new insecticide discovery programs, where insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains are often used to screen new molecules for potency and cross-resistance, respectively. This study investigated the toxicity of permethrin, a Type-I pyrethroid insecticide, and etofenprox, a non-ester containing pyrethroid insecticide, against An. gambiae at three life stages. This characterization was performed with susceptible (G3; MRA-112) and resistant (Akdr; MRA-1280) An. gambiae strains; the Akdr strain is known to contain the L1014F mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. Surprisingly, etofenprox displays a lower level of resistance than permethrin against all stages of mosquitoes, except in a headless larval paralysis assay designed to minimize penetration factors. In first-instar An. gambiae larvae, permethrin had significant resistance, determined by the resistance ratio (RR50 = 5), but etofenprox was not significantly different (RR50 = 3.4) from the wild-type strain. Fourth-instar larvae displayed the highest level of resistance for permethrin (RR50 = 108) and etofenprox (RR50 = 35). Permethrin (PC50 = 2 ppb) and etofenprox (PC50 = 9 ppb) resulted in headless larval paralysis (5-h), but resistance, albeit lower, was still present for permethrin (RR50 = 5) and etofenprox (RR50 = 6.9). In adult female mosquitoes, permethrin displayed higher resistance (RR50 = 14) compared to etofenprox (RR50 = 4.3). The level of etofenprox resistance was different from that previously reported for a similar Akron An. gambiae laboratory strain (MRA-913). The chemical synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) were able to synergize permethrin, but not etofenprox in the resistant strain (Akdr). In conclusion, multiple mechanisms are likely involved in pyrethroid resistance, but resistance profiles are dependent upon selection. Etofenprox is an effective insecticide against An. gambiae in the lab but will likely suffer from resistance in the field.

Enzyme variation in the Anopheles gambiae Giles group of species (Diptera: Culicidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

AbstractThe genotypes of chromosomally-identified individuals from natural populations of the known species of the group of Anopheles gambiae Giles were scored for the enzyme protein structural loci coding for adenylate kinase (Adk), α-naphthyl acetate esterase (Est-1, Est-2, Est-3), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (Got), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGpd), hexokinase (Hk), isocitric dehydrogenase (Idh), lactic dehydrogenase (Ldh), ‘leucine’ aminopeptidase (Lap-2), malic enzyme (Me), octanol dehydrogenase (Odh), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-1, Pgm-2), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-Pgd), phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) and superoxide dismutase (Sod), following starch gel electrophoresis. In the material examined, Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Got, ldh, Lap-2, Odh, Pgm-1, Pgm-2 and Sod were segregating for two or more alleles; unique alleles at the Est-1, Got and Sod loci produced species-specific phenotypes in A. melas (Theo.), species C and species D, respectively. The further sampling of A. merus Dön, populations supported the presence of a unique SOD phenotype by which this species can also be identified. Of the other enzyme systems examined, no activity following electrophoresis was detected for aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and the resolution of acid and alkaline phosphatase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and xanthine dehydrogenase was too poor under the particular electrophoretic conditions for genetic analyses of the enzyme phenotypes.

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