Review: The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix: Possible roles in the regulation of muscle development and growth

Velleman, S. G., Shin, J., Li, X. and Song, Y. 2012. Review: The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix: Possible roles in the regulation of muscle development and growth. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 1–10. Skeletal muscle fibers are surrounded by an extrinsic extracellular matrix environment. The extracellular matrix is composed of collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, growth factors, and cytokines. How the extracellular matrix influences skeletal muscle development and growth is an area that is not completely understood at this time. Studies on myogenesis have largely been directed toward the cellular components and overlooked that muscle cells secrete a complex extracellular matrix network. The extracellular matrix modulates muscle development by acting as a substrate for muscle cell migration, growth factor regulation, signal transduction of information from the extracellular matrix to the intrinsic cellular environment, and provides a cellular structural architecture framework necessary for tissue function. This paper reviews extracellular matrix regulation of muscle growth with a focus on secreted proteoglycans, cell surface proteoglycans, growth factors and cytokines, and the dynamic nature of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix, because of its impact on the regulation of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation during myogenesis.

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Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 835

Author(s):

Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi ◽

Farhad Bordbar ◽

Just Jensen ◽

Min Du ◽

Wei Guo

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Meat Production ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Myogenic Regulatory Factor

Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.

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Mechanism and Functions of Identified miRNAs in Poultry Skeletal Muscle Development – A Review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2019-0049 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 887-904

Author(s):

Asiamah Amponsah Collins ◽

Kun Zou ◽

Zhang Li ◽

Su Ying

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Skeletal Muscle Development ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Complex Processes ◽

Muscle Formation ◽

Gene Regulatory

AbstractDevelopment of the skeletal muscle goes through several complex processes regulated by numerous genetic factors. Although much efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms involved in increased muscle yield, little work is done about the miRNAs and candidate genes that are involved in the skeletal muscle development in poultry. Comprehensive research of candidate genes and single nucleotide related to poultry muscle growth is yet to be experimentally unraveled. However, over a few periods, studies in miRNA have disclosed that they actively participate in muscle formation, differentiation, and determination in poultry. Specifically, miR-1, miR-133, and miR-206 influence tissue development, and they are highly expressed in the skeletal muscles. Candidate genes such as CEBPB, MUSTN1, MSTN, IGF1, FOXO3, mTOR, and NFKB1, have also been identified to express in the poultry skeletal muscles development. However, further researches, analysis, and comprehensive studies should be made on the various miRNAs and gene regulatory factors that influence the skeletal muscle development in poultry. The objective of this review is to summarize recent knowledge in miRNAs and their mode of action as well as transcription and candidate genes identified to regulate poultry skeletal muscle development.

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MiR-34b-5p Mediates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Myoblasts by Targeting IGFBP2

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8040360 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 360 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wang ◽

Zhang ◽

Li ◽

Abdalla ◽

Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Cell Cycle Progression ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Cycle Progression ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

As key post-transcriptional regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an indispensable role in skeletal muscle development. Our previous study suggested that miR-34b-5p and IGFBP2 could have a potential role in skeletal muscle growth. Our goal in this study is to explore the function and regulatory mechanism of miR-34b-5p and IGFBP2 in myogenesis. In this study, the dual-luciferase reporter assay and Western blot analysis showed that IGFBP2 is a direct target of miR-34b-5p. Flow cytometric analysis and EdU assay showed that miR-34b-5p could repress the cell cycle progression of myoblasts, and miR-34b-5p could promote the formation of myotubes by promoting the expression of MyHC. On the contrary, the overexpression of IGFBP2 significantly facilitated the proliferation of myoblasts and hampered the formation of myotubes. Together, our results indicate that miR-34b-5p could mediate the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts by targeting IGFBP2.

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Skeletal muscle development in vertebrate animals

Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.3329/ajmbr.v1i2.25592 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 139-148

Author(s):

Md Shahjahan

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Fibers ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Paraxial Mesoderm ◽

Meat Production ◽

Lineage Specification ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Axial Musculature ◽

Postnatal Stage

This review covers the pre- and post-natal development of skeletal muscle of vertebrate animals with cellular and molecular levels. The formation of skeletal muscle initiates from paraxial mesoderm during embryogenesis of individuals which develops somites and subsequently forms dermomyotome derived myotome to give rise axial musculature. This process (myogenesis) includes stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation to form myofibrils consequent muscle fibers which control muscle mass and its multiplication. The main factors of muscle growth are proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells in prenatal stage and also the growth of satellite cells at postnatal stage. There is no net increase in the number of muscle fibers in vertebrate animals after hatch or birth except fish. The development of muscle is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy in prenatal and postnatal stages of individuals, respectively, through Wnt signalling pathway including environment, nutrition, sex, feed, growth and myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore further studies could elucidate new growth related genes, markers and factors to enhance meat production and enrich knowledge on muscle growth.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 139-148

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HDAC4 Regulates the Proliferation, Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chicken Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 84 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jing Zhao ◽

Xiaoxu Shen ◽

Xinao Cao ◽

Haorong He ◽

Shunshun Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Satellite Cells ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Critical Role ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Positive Role ◽

Muscle Satellite Cells ◽

Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells ◽

Chicken Skeletal Muscle

The development of skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) is a complex process that could be regulated by many genes. Previous studies have shown that Histone Deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in mouse. However, the function of HDAC4 in chicken muscle development is still unknown. Given that chicken is a very important meat-producing animal that is also an ideal model to study skeletal muscle development, we explored the functions of HDAC4 in chicken SMSCs after the interference of HDAC4. The results showed that HDAC4 was enriched in embryonic skeletal muscle, and it was highly expressed in embryonic muscle than in postnatal muscles. Meanwhile, knockdown of HDAC4 could significantly inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of chicken SMSCs but had no effect on the apoptosis of SMSCs as observed in a series of experiment conducted in vitro. These results indicated that HDAC4 might play a positive role in chicken skeletal muscle growth and development.

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Induction of mRNA for IGF-I and -II during growth hormone-stimulated muscle hypertrophy

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.4.e513 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 255 (4) ◽

pp. E513-E517 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. D. Turner ◽

P. Rotwein ◽

J. Novakofski ◽

P. J. Bechtel

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Growth Hormone ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Cardiac Muscle ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Gh3 Cells ◽

Autocrine Factors ◽

Igf I ◽

Steady State Levels

The expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) genes during skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy was examined using skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy was examined using adult 5-mo-old female Wistar-Furth rats implanted with growth hormone-secreting GH3 cells. Control and treated animals were killed at 40, 60, and 80 days after initiation of the experiment. From the time of injection to day 80, body, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver weights increased 112, 93, 55, and 314%, respectively. RNA was extracted and steady-state levels of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs were quantitated using a solution-hybridization nuclease-protection assay. Low levels of mRNA for both growth factors were detected in control tissues. By day 80 IGF-I mRNA had increased eightfold and IGF-II mRNA sixfold in skeletal muscle from treated rats. In cardiac muscle the levels of mRNA for both growth factors rose three- to fourfold. Although growth hormone induced an increase in hepatic IGF-I mRNA, IGF-II mRNA remained nearly undetectable. This study shows that during growth hormone-stimulated muscle growth mRNAs for both IGF-I and IGF-II accumulate, supporting other observations implicating the IGFs as paracrine or autocrine factors involved in skeletal muscle growth.

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Defining Akt actions in muscle differentiation

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.00259.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 303 (12) ◽

pp. C1292-C1300 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Samantha Gardner ◽

Magdalena Anguiano ◽

Peter Rotwein

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Muscle Differentiation ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Cell Contact ◽

Muscle Repair ◽

Complex Signals

Muscle development in childhood and muscle regeneration in adults are highly regulated processes that are necessary for reaching and maintaining optimal muscle mass and strength throughout life. Muscle repair after injury relies on stem cells, termed satellite cells, whose activity is controlled by complex signals mediated by cell-cell contact, by growth factors, and by hormones, which interact with genetic programs controlled by myogenic transcription factors. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play key roles in muscle development and help coordinate muscle repair after injury, primarily by stimulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Akt kinase activity is critical for optimal muscle growth and regeneration. Here we find that of the two Akts expressed in muscle, Akt1 is essential for initiation of differentiation in culture and is required for normal myoblast motility, while Akt2 is dispensable. Although Akt2 deficiency did lead to diminished myotube maturation, as assessed by a decline in myofiber area and in fusion index, either Akt1 or Akt2 could restore these processes toward normal. Thus levels of Akt expression rather than distinct actions of individual Akt species are critical for normal myofiber development during the later stages of muscle differentiation.

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