scholarly journals Skeletal muscle development in vertebrate animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Md Shahjahan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Axial Musculature ◽  
Postnatal Stage

This review covers the pre- and post-natal development of skeletal muscle of vertebrate animals with cellular and molecular levels. The formation of skeletal muscle initiates from paraxial mesoderm during embryogenesis of individuals which develops somites and subsequently forms dermomyotome derived myotome to give rise axial musculature. This process (myogenesis) includes stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation to form myofibrils consequent muscle fibers which control muscle mass and its multiplication. The main factors of muscle growth are proliferation and differentiation of myogenic cells in prenatal stage and also the growth of satellite cells at postnatal stage. There is no net increase in the number of muscle fibers in vertebrate animals after hatch or birth except fish. The development of muscle is characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy in prenatal and postnatal stages of individuals, respectively, through Wnt signalling pathway including environment, nutrition, sex, feed, growth and myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore further studies could elucidate new growth related genes, markers and factors to enhance meat production and enrich knowledge on muscle growth.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 139-148

scholarly journals Key Genes Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth in Farm Animals

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi ◽  
Farhad Bordbar ◽  
Just Jensen ◽  
Min Du ◽  
Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factor

Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.

scholarly journals MiR-34b-5p Mediates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Myoblasts by Targeting IGFBP2

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Li ◽  
Abdalla ◽  
Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

As key post-transcriptional regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an indispensable role in skeletal muscle development. Our previous study suggested that miR-34b-5p and IGFBP2 could have a potential role in skeletal muscle growth. Our goal in this study is to explore the function and regulatory mechanism of miR-34b-5p and IGFBP2 in myogenesis. In this study, the dual-luciferase reporter assay and Western blot analysis showed that IGFBP2 is a direct target of miR-34b-5p. Flow cytometric analysis and EdU assay showed that miR-34b-5p could repress the cell cycle progression of myoblasts, and miR-34b-5p could promote the formation of myotubes by promoting the expression of MyHC. On the contrary, the overexpression of IGFBP2 significantly facilitated the proliferation of myoblasts and hampered the formation of myotubes. Together, our results indicate that miR-34b-5p could mediate the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts by targeting IGFBP2.

scholarly journals Integrative ATAC-seq and RNA-seq Analysis of the Longissimus Muscle of Luchuan and Duroc Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Miao ◽  
Zeqiang Ma ◽  
Zhanyang Tang ◽  
Lin Yu ◽  
Siqi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Accessible Chromatin

Luchuan pig is a typical obese pig breed in China, and the diameter and area of its longissimus dorsi muscle fibers are significantly smaller than those of Duroc (lean) pig. Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics are related to meat quality of livestock. There is a significant correlation between the quality of different breeds of pork and the characteristics of muscle fiber, which is an important factor affecting the quality of pork. The diameter and area of muscle fibers are related to muscle growth and development. Therefore, we used the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the difference in skeletal muscle growth and development between the two types of pigs. First, transposase-accessible chromatin was analyzed to map the landscape of open chromatin regions and transcription factor binding sites. We identified several transcription factors that potentially affected muscle growth and development, including TFAP4, MAX, NHLH1, FRX5, and TGIF1. We also found that transcription factors with basic helix-loop-helix structures had a preference for binding to genes involved in muscle development. Then, by integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, we found that the Wnt signaling pathway, the mTOR signaling pathway, and other classical pathways regulate skeletal muscle development. In addition, some pathways that might regulate skeletal muscle growth, such as parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and action, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, and the thyroid hormone signaling pathway, which were significantly enriched. After further study, we identified a number of candidate genes (ASNS, CARNS1, G0S2, PPP1R14C, and SH3BP5) that might be associated with muscle development. We also found that the differential regulation of chromatin openness at the level of some genes was contrary to the differential regulation at the level of transcription, suggesting that transcription factors and transcriptional repressors may be involved in the regulation of gene expression. Our study provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanism behind the differences in muscle fibers from two species of pig and provided an important foundation for further research on improving the quality of pork.

scholarly journals Exogenous Expression of an Alternative Splicing Variant of Myostatin Prompts Leg Muscle Fiber Hyperplasia in Japanese Quail

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Renee Chen ◽  
Yeunsu Suh ◽  
Sangsu Shin ◽  
Rachel Marie Woodfint ◽  
Seongsoo Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates muscle growth and development through inhibiting myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Five alternative splicing isoforms of MSTN (MSTN-A to MSTN-E) have been discovered in domestic avian species. MSTN-A has high expression in skeletal muscle and encodes the full-length peptide with anti-myogenic activity. Another isoform, MSTN-B, is also highly expressed in skeletal muscle and encodes a truncated peptide that has pro-myogenic capabilities in vitro, which include promoting the proliferation and differentiation of quail muscle precursor cells. The objective of this study was to investigate overexpression of MSTN-B in vivo by using two independent lines of transgenic Japanese quail with expression directed in the skeletal muscle. Unexpectedly, the chicken skeletal muscle alpha actin 1 (cACTA1) promoter resulted in restricted exogenous MSTN-B protein expression to certain skeletal muscles, such as the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, but not the pectoralis major muscle. Gastrocnemius weight as a percentage of body weight in transgenic quail was increased compared to non-transgenic quail at posthatch day 21 (D21) and posthatch D42. An increase in the size of the gastrocnemius in transgenic quail was attributed to an increase in fiber number but not fiber cross-sectional area (CSA). During embryonic development, paired box 7 (PAX7) expression was prolonged in the transgenic embryos, but other myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) were unchanged after MSTN-B overexpression. Taken together, these data provide novel insights into the regulation of skeletal muscle development by alternative splicing mechanisms in avians.

scholarly journals miR-21-5p Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Targeting KLF3 in Chicken

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Donghao Zhang ◽  
Jinshan Ran ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Chunlin Yu ◽  
Zhifu Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Muscle Satellite Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

The proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) play an important role in the development of skeletal muscle. Our previous sequencing data showed that miR-21-5p is one of the most abundant miRNAs in chicken skeletal muscle. Therefore, in this study, the spatiotemporal expression of miR-21-5p and its effects on skeletal muscle development of chickens were explored using in vitro cultured SMSCs as a model. The results in this study showed that miR-21-5p was highly expressed in the skeletal muscle of chickens. The overexpression of miR-21-5p promoted the proliferation of SMSCs as evidenced by increased cell viability, increased cell number in the proliferative phase, and increased mRNA and protein expression of proliferation markers including PCNA, CDK2, and CCND1. Moreover, it was revealed that miR-21-5p promotes the formation of myotubes by modulating the expression of myogenic markers including MyoG, MyoD, and MyHC, whereas knockdown of miR-21-5p showed the opposite result. Gene prediction and dual fluorescence analysis confirmed that KLF3 was one of the direct target genes of miR-21-5p. We confirmed that, contrary to the function of miR-21-5p, KLF3 plays a negative role in the proliferation and differentiation of SMSCs. Si-KLF3 promotes cell number and proliferation activity, as well as the cell differentiation processes. Our results demonstrated that miR-21-5p promotes the proliferation and differentiation of SMSCs by targeting KLF3. Collectively, the results obtained in this study laid a foundation for exploring the mechanism through which miR-21-5p regulates SMSCs.

Review: The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix: Possible roles in the regulation of muscle development and growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra G. Velleman ◽  
Jonghyun Shin ◽  
Xuehui Li ◽  
Yan Song
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Architecture Framework ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
Cellular Components

Velleman, S. G., Shin, J., Li, X. and Song, Y. 2012. Review: The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix: Possible roles in the regulation of muscle development and growth. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 1–10. Skeletal muscle fibers are surrounded by an extrinsic extracellular matrix environment. The extracellular matrix is composed of collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, growth factors, and cytokines. How the extracellular matrix influences skeletal muscle development and growth is an area that is not completely understood at this time. Studies on myogenesis have largely been directed toward the cellular components and overlooked that muscle cells secrete a complex extracellular matrix network. The extracellular matrix modulates muscle development by acting as a substrate for muscle cell migration, growth factor regulation, signal transduction of information from the extracellular matrix to the intrinsic cellular environment, and provides a cellular structural architecture framework necessary for tissue function. This paper reviews extracellular matrix regulation of muscle growth with a focus on secreted proteoglycans, cell surface proteoglycans, growth factors and cytokines, and the dynamic nature of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix, because of its impact on the regulation of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation during myogenesis.

scholarly journals Chromatin Interaction Responds to Breast Muscle Development and Intramuscular Fat Deposition Between Chinese Indigenous Chicken and Fast-Growing Broiler

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Tian ◽  
Zhang Wang ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Yihao Zhi ◽  
Jiajia Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Chromatin Interaction ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Imf Content

Skeletal muscle development and intramuscular fat (IMF) content, which positively contribute to meat production and quality, are regulated by precisely orchestrated processes. However, changes in three-dimensional chromatin structure and interaction, a newly emerged mediator of gene expression, during the skeletal muscle development and IMF deposition have remained unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the differences in muscle development and IMF content between one-day-old commercial Arbor Acres broiler (AA) and Chinese indigenous Lushi blue-shelled-egg chicken (LS) and performed Hi-C analysis on their breast muscles. Our results indicated that significantly higher IMF content, however remarkably lower muscle fiber diameter was detected in breast muscle of LS chicken compared to that of AA broiler. The chromatin intra-interaction was prior to inter-interaction in both AA and LS chicken, and chromatin inter-interaction was heavily focused on the small and gene-rich chromosomes. For genomic compartmentalization, no significant difference in the number of B type compartments was found, but AA had more A type compartments versus LS. The A/B compartment switching of AA versus LS showed more A to B switching than B to A switching. There were no significant differences in the average sizes and distributions of topologically associating domains (TAD). Additionally, approximately 50% of TAD boundaries were overlapping. The reforming and disappearing events of TAD boundaries were identified between AA and LS chicken breast muscles. Among these, the HMGCR gene was located in the TAD-boundary regions in AA broilers, but in TAD-interior regions in LS chickens, and the IGF2BP3 gene was located in the AA-unique TAD boundaries. Both HMGCR and IGF2BP3 genes exhibited increased mRNA expression in one-day-old AA broiler breast muscles. It was demonstrated that the IGF2BP3 and HMGCR genes regulated by TAD boundary sliding were potential biomarkers for chicken breast muscle development and IMF deposition. Our data not only provide a valuable understanding of higher-order chromatin dynamics during muscle development and lipid accumulation but also reveal new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of muscle development and IMF deposition in chicken.

scholarly journals Mechanism and Functions of Identified miRNAs in Poultry Skeletal Muscle Development – A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-904
Author(s):  
Asiamah Amponsah Collins ◽  
Kun Zou ◽  
Zhang Li ◽  
Su Ying
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Muscle Formation ◽  
Gene Regulatory

AbstractDevelopment of the skeletal muscle goes through several complex processes regulated by numerous genetic factors. Although much efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms involved in increased muscle yield, little work is done about the miRNAs and candidate genes that are involved in the skeletal muscle development in poultry. Comprehensive research of candidate genes and single nucleotide related to poultry muscle growth is yet to be experimentally unraveled. However, over a few periods, studies in miRNA have disclosed that they actively participate in muscle formation, differentiation, and determination in poultry. Specifically, miR-1, miR-133, and miR-206 influence tissue development, and they are highly expressed in the skeletal muscles. Candidate genes such as CEBPB, MUSTN1, MSTN, IGF1, FOXO3, mTOR, and NFKB1, have also been identified to express in the poultry skeletal muscles development. However, further researches, analysis, and comprehensive studies should be made on the various miRNAs and gene regulatory factors that influence the skeletal muscle development in poultry. The objective of this review is to summarize recent knowledge in miRNAs and their mode of action as well as transcription and candidate genes identified to regulate poultry skeletal muscle development.

Overlapping functions of the myogenic bHLH genes MRF4 and MyoD revealed in double mutant mice

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (13) ◽  
pp. 2349-2358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rawls ◽  
M.R. Valdez ◽  
W. Zhang ◽  
J. Richardson ◽  
W.H. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Bhlh Genes ◽  
Bhlh Factors

The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes - MyoD, Myf5, myogenin and MRF4 - exhibit distinct, but overlapping expression patterns during development of the skeletal muscle lineage and loss-of-function mutations in these genes result in different effects on muscle development. MyoD and Myf5 have been shown to act early in the myogenic lineage to establish myoblast identity, whereas myogenin acts later to control myoblast differentiation. In mice lacking myogenin, there is a severe deficiency of skeletal muscle, but some residual muscle fibers are present in mutant mice at birth. Mice lacking MRF4 are viable and have skeletal muscle, but they upregulate myogenin expression, which could potentially compensate for the absence of MRF4. Previous studies in which Myf5 and MRF4 null mutations were combined suggested that these genes do not share overlapping myogenic functions in vivo. To determine whether the functions of MRF4 might overlap with those of myogenin or MyoD, we generated double mutant mice lacking MRF4 and either myogenin or MyoD. MRF4/myogenin double mutant mice contained a comparable number of residual muscle fibers to mice lacking myogenin alone and myoblasts from those double mutant mice formed differentiated multinucleated myotubes in vitro as efficiently as wild-type myoblasts, indicating that neither myogenin nor MRF4 is absolutely essential for myoblast differentiation. Whereas mice lacking either MRF4 or MyoD were viable and did not show defects in muscle development, MRF4/MyoD double mutants displayed a severe muscle deficiency similar to that in myogenin mutants. Myogenin was expressed in MRF4/MyoD double mutants, indicating that myogenin is insufficient to support normal myogenesis in vivo. These results reveal unanticipated compensatory roles for MRF4 and MyoD in the muscle differentiation pathway and suggest that a threshold level of myogenic bHLH factors is required to activate muscle structural genes, with this level normally being achieved by combinations of multiple myogenic bHLH factors.

scholarly journals Characterization of microRNAs during Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Development in the Shan Ma Duck

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1417
Author(s):  
Chuan Li ◽  
Ting Xiong ◽  
Mingfang Zhou ◽  
Lei Wan ◽  
Suwang Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas

Poultry skeletal muscle provides high quality protein for humans. Study of the genetic mechanisms during duck skeletal muscle development contribute to future duck breeding and meat production. In the current study, three breast muscle samples from Shan Ma ducks at embryonic day 13 (E13) and E19 were collected, respectively. We detected microRNA (miRNA) expression using high throughput sequencing following bioinformatic analysis. qRT-PCR validated the reliability of sequencing results. We also identified target prediction results using the luciferase reporter assay. A total of 812 known miRNAs and 279 novel miRNAs were detected in six samples; as a result, 61 up-regulated and 48 down-regulated differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between E13 and E19 (|log2 fold change| ≥ 1 and p ≤ 0.05). Enrichment analysis showed that target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched on many muscle development-related gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, especially mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. An interaction network was constructed using the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. These results complement the current duck miRNA database and offer several miRNA candidates for future studies of skeletal muscle development in the duck.

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