scholarly journals THE FEEDING VALUE OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTED CAMELINA MEAL EFFECTS OF LEVELS FED, HEAT TREATMENTS AND FLAVOR SUPPLEMENTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Korsrud ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Crambe Seed ◽  
Camelina Meal ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Dry Heating ◽  
Camelina Seed

Camelina seed was ground, solvent-extracted, and fed at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of the diet to weanling mice. Licorice (0 and 0.025%) was tested as a cross-treatment to modify flavor. Levels up to 10% resulted in no adverse effects on growth of mice but each increase in level beyond 10% resulted m a significant (P <.05) reduction in gains and feed intakes. Licorice was ineffective.In a second experiment 20 to 22% of camelina meal was fed m all diets. Raw meal was compared with dry-heated meal (12 hours, 135 °C), autoclaved meal (15 min, 1.2 kg/cm2), steam-stripped (2 hours, 110 °C) and a casein–methionine–supplemented control diet. In each case, four myrosinase-source supplements were added: nil, crambe seed, rapeseed, and camelina seed (Crambe abyssinica Hochst., Brassica napus L., and Cameline sativa Crantz).Destruction of myrosinase by any method of heating resulted in significantly better feeding value of camelina meal, but steam stripping was superior to dry heating or autoclaving.It was concluded that camelina meal is probably superior to rapeseed and crambe meals, in that more than 10% of raw meal is tolerated in the diet before growth depression occurs. Near maximum growth was obtained with myrosinase-free diets containing about 20% meal. Growth depression that occurred at the higher levels of intake exceeded that which could be accounted for by the content of volatile isothiocyanates.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HEAT AND MOISTURE TREATMENTS ON MYROSINASE ACTIVITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTED CRAMBE SEED MEAL

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Korsrud ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Crambe Meal

Solvent-extracted crambe meal, uncooked, dry-heated, autoclaved or steam-stripped, was fed as 0, 5 or 10% of the diet to weanling mice. Ground rapeseed (1% of the diet) was fed in a cross-treatment as a source of myrosinase.Uncooked crambe meal significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes and gains. Heating by any method tested resulted in significant improvement, but feeding value remained below that of the casein-soybean protein control diet. The addition of the myrosinase source had little effect.In a second experiment, ground seed of crambe, rape and camelina (Crambe abyssinica Hochst., Brassica napus L. and Camelina sativa Crantz) were compared as myrosinase sources when incorporated 1:4 into cooked crambe meal and allowed to react overnight at room temperature with 0 or 30% moisture in the mixture. After this enzyme treatment, half of each mixture was autoclaved to destroy myrosinase prior to ration mixing and feeding.Appreciable hydrolysis of thioglucosides occurred in vitro at 30% moisture, resulting in marked growth depression. The feeding of active myrosinase similarly depressed animal responses, apparently through in vivo thioglucoside hydrolysis. All sources of enzyme were effective.The failure to obtain more enzyme response in the first experiment was attributed to lower enzyme concentration and inferior enzyme-substrate proximity during the time when conditions were otherwise appropriate for thioglucoside hydrolysis.

THE FEEDING VALUE OF TOWER RAPESEED FOR EARLY-WEANED PIGS II. EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF COOKED SEED WITH IODINATED CASEIN AND PEA PROTEIN CONCENTRATE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. OCHETIM ◽  
J. M. BELL ◽  
C. E. DOIGE
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Pea Protein ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Low Erucic Acid

Ninety-nine pigs, fed ad libitum from 6.8 to 14.0 kg liveweight, were used to examine the effects of including iodinated casein (44 mg/kg diet) in an early weaning diet containing 20% of a low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ’Tower’). The rapeseed (RS) was prepared commercially by flaking and then cooking, but the enzyme myrosinase was not completely inactivated. Iodinated casein supplementation significantly increased growth rate, feed efficiency, the blood circulating levels of thyroxine and protein-bound iodine but produced no significant effect on feed intake or blood cholesterol values. Iodinated casein largely prevented thyroid englargement and the thyroids appeared histologically normal. There were no effects due to iodinated casein on livers, hearts or kidneys. These results indicate that iodinated casein is beneficial for growth and thyroid function of young pigs between 6.8 and 14.0 kg liveweight fed diets containing 20% ground, cooked Tower rapeseed and in which myrosinase is not completely deactivated. A second experiment with 48 pigs fed four diets (control; RS and pea protein concentrate PPC; RS and rapeseed meal RSM, and PPC) resulted in superior growth on the control diet and poorest feed conversion on the PPC diet. The same level (18.9%) of PPC, fed with RS, resulted in better feed utilization.

A COMPARISON OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CRAMBE AND CAMELINA SEED MEALS WITH EGG AND CASEIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. KORSRUD ◽  
M. O. KEITH ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Crambe Meal ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Camelina Meal ◽  
Camelina Seed

The nutritional values of Camelina sativa Crantz and Crambe abyssinica Hochst, two potential dietary protein sources, were compared to egg and casein by feeding the ether-extracted autoclaved meal of each cultivar as the sole source of protein in semipurified diets to young mice for 14 days. The dietary protein levels chosen were 8, 11, 14 and 17%. The crambe meals contained less crude fibre than the camelina meals. Only trace quantities of glucosinolates were found in camelina meal. Substantially higher levels of glucosinolates were found in the crambe meals and there was evidence of a small proportion of the glucosinolates having been hydrolyzed prior to assay. Weight gains, food intakes and protein efficiency ratios of mice fed camelina or crambe meal diets were consistantly lower than the responses of mice fed corresponding levels of egg or casein diets. Food intake increased as the level of camelina meal in the diet increased. It appears that growth depressing factors in both the camelina and crambe meals were significant. Effective removal or counteraction of the deleterious factors is necessary before the potential of the protein in these two meals can be exploited.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEAL FOR SWINE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Ad Libitum

Five swine experiments were conducted to evaluate rapeseed meal (RSM) of low glucosinolate content (Brassica napus L. cv. Bronowski). Two experiments involved 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution of either Bronowski meal or regular (B. campestris) meal for soybean meal or fishmeal used in the control diet. One experiment compared ad libitum-fed and partially restricted pigs. Another experiment involved digestibility studies, and the final one involved methionine and lysine supplementation. As the dietary levels of either Bronowski or regular RSM increased in the ration, protein digestion coefficients decreased from 79 and 80% to 76 and 78%, respectively, and energy coefficients decreased from 82% to 79 and 78%, respectively. The protein and energy digestibility coefficients for Bronowski RSM were estimated to be 68 and 59%; for regular RSM, 65 and 54%. With barley–wheat–RSM diets, pigs responded to 0.1% methionine, but not to lysine (P > 0.05). Pigs fed ad libitum consumed more Bronowski than regular RSM diet and performed as well as pigs fed soybean meal diets.

scholarly journals Amino acid requirements of pigs. 3. Requirement for apparent digestible threonine of pigs in different stages of growth.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 609-622
Author(s):  
N.P. Lenis ◽  
J.T.M. van Diepen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Individual and group housed crossbred pigs 45 to 105 kg and 65 to 95 kg in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, were given basal diets with L-threonine 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g/kg. Positive and negative control diets contained total threonine 5.7 and 4.5 g/kg, respectively. To prevent other amino acids being limiting, the negative control diet was supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine and valine. The positive control diet was supplemented with lysine and methionine. The requirement for total threonine of growing-finishing pigs for maximum growth performance was about 5.6 g/kg in a diet containing net energy 9.4 MJ/kg. This figure corresponds with about 4.7 g/kg apparent faecal digestible threonine and 4.3 apparent ileal digestible threonine. There was no difference between the growing and the finishing pigs. The requirement for ileal digestible threonine, relative to ileal digestible lysine requirement, was about 64%. It is concluded that dietary protein can be reduced by 2 percentage units without any adverse effect on growth performance, if limiting amino acids are sufficiently supplemented. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effect of organic reducing agents and ferrous ion on thioglucosidase activity of Crambe abyssinica seed

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1024-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Tookey ◽  
I. A. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Ferrous Ion ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Meal Pattern ◽  
Crambe Seed ◽  
Crambe Meal ◽  
Insoluble Particles

The addition of L-ascorbate or 2-mercaptoethanol to aged crambe seed meal tends to restore the fresh meal pattern of epi-progoitrin hydrolysis to nitriles instead of (R)-goitrin. Neither of these reducing agents has an effect on the breakdown of epi-progoitrin to goitrin by an insoluble particulate thioglucosidase from crambe meal. The addition of ferrous ion to the insoluble particles results in the conversion of epi-progoitrin to (2S)-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene instead of (R)-goitrin over a range from pH 3.9 to 6.7.

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Quantitation of Trierucin in High-Erucic-Acid Rapeseed Oils

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 990-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khalique Ahmed ◽  
Jim Daun ◽  
Doug Declercq
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Ir Spectrum ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
High Erucic Acid ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Hear Oil

Development of varieties of high-erucic-acid (HEAR) rapeseed with high levels of erucic acid (C22:1) would be valuable for use in oleochemical feedstocks. As an aid to this breeding effort, a rapid method to detect trierucin (C22:1 triacylglycerol), an indicator that erucic acid is being incorporated in all three positions of the triacylglycerol, would be useful. Fingerprint (1850–600 cm−1) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of HEAR oil extracted from Brassica napus L. cv. Mercury, trierucin, and varying amounts of trierucin spiked in this oil were recorded. The regions of 1790–1690 cm−1 and 1485–990 cm−1 were subjected to a partial least-squares (PLS) procedure to obtain a calibration equation [ R2 = 0.992 and root-mean-squared deviation (RMSD) = 2.78]. The established calibration was then tested on the spectra of mixtures of another HEAR oil from B. napus cv. Turret and trierucin. The predicted values differ from the actual values with an RMSD of 1.6%. The calibration was also tested on high-erucic-acid oils from crambe ( Crambe abyssinica) and nasturtium ( Tropaeolum majus L.) seeds. For crambe, the value found (0.4%) was close to that reported in the literature, while the value of 75% for nasturtium oil was close to the value for total triacylglycerols with erucic acid in the 2-position as reported in the literature. FT-IR spectra of triolein (C18: 1 triacylglycerol), trieicosenoin (C20:1 triacylglycerol), and trinervonin (C24:1 triacylglycerol) compared with the FT-IR spectrum of trierucin revealed the uniqueness of IR spectrum of trierucin that forms the basis of PLS analysis of trierucin in HEAR oils.

GROWTH, FEED UTILIZATION AND CARCASS QUALITY RESPONSES OF PIGS FED FROST-DAMAGED CANOLA SEED (LOW-GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED) AS AFFECTED BY GRINDING, PELLETING AND AMMONIATION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
M. O. KEITH
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Daily Gain

Canola seed (CS) having 20, 45 and 65% frost damage was fed at dietary levels up to 30% to 144 pigs of 23 ± 1 kg initial weight to determine the effects of processing on feeding value. In exp. 1, 10, 20 and 30% levels of each lot of CS were fed to barrows (M) and gilts (F) up to 100 kg liveweight. Average daily gain (ADG) increased with increasing frost damage (0.75, 0.77, 0.78 kg). Similarly, feed intake (FI) increased (2.19, 2.27 and 2.35 kg day−1). Feed-adjusted ADG were equal. ADG and FI were reduced at the 30% level in diet compared with 10%. A palatability effect is postulated. Glucosinolate levels declined with increasing frost damage. In exp. 2, 45% frost-damaged CS was fed at 30% of the diet to M and F pigs up to 57 kg liveweight to compare whole vs. ground CS, fed as meal or pellets. Grinding depressed FI but not ADG. Pelleting improved ADG but not FI. Both processes improved feed:gain ratio. In exp. 3, diets containing 45% frost-damaged, ground CS, with and without ammoniation (0.5% NH3), were compared with a control diet supplemented with soybean and canola meals by feeding to M and F pigs up to 100 kg liveweight. ADG and FI of pigs fed CS were below both the controls and pigs fed the ammoniated CS. Ammoniation had minor effects on amino acid and available lysine content but improved FI and ADG. Carcass index values were unaffected by either level or treatment of CS. Key words: Rapeseed, canola, processing, feeding trials, pigs, freezing

Solubilization and Selected Properties of Crambe Seed Thioglucosidase (Thioglucoside Glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1305-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Tookey
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Inhibition ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Ferrous Ion ◽  
Soluble Enzyme ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Crambe Seed ◽  
Insoluble Particles

Ultrasonic treatment releases thioglucoside glucohydrolase (thioglucosidase) from insoluble particles of Crambe abyssinica seed meal. The crude enzyme is optimally activated by 10−2 M ascorbate, requires a reducing agent for stability, and is inhibited by 10−3 M p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate.Chromatography of a meal extract on cross-linked dextran separates two enzyme fractions. About 80% of the activity elutes at an apparent molecular weight of 110 000; the remainder elutes at the void volume. Both crude soluble enzyme and the fractions from the dextran column produce goitrin from epi-progoitrin, but in the presence of ferrous ion the chief aglucon product becomes 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene. The Michaelis constant (of the major peak) at pH 5 is 0.004 M. Ferrous ion produces substrate inhibition at high epi-progoitrin levels. Sequential fractionation of meal extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by chromatography on cross-linked dextran effects an 80-fold purification.

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