COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DRY MATTER DETERMINATION OF HIGH MOISTURE GRAIN CORN

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. JONES ◽  
R. E. LARSEN ◽  
J. I. ELLIOT
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Fine Grinding ◽  
Ground Corn

Comparisons were made between methods of determining the dry matter (DM) content of high moisture (HM) ground ear corn, preserved five months earlier with volatile fatty acids (VFA), and HM shelled corn at harvest. The effect of fine grinding (1 mm diameter screen) of HM shelled corn samples prior to DM determination also was examined. There were no differences in DM content of HM shelled corn between toluene distillation, oven-drying, or semi-automatic moisture testing. With HM ground ear corn, DM values obtained by toluene were greater (P < 0.01) than for the other methods. Fine grinding of the samples resulted in increased DM content (P < 0.01). However, differences between methods were apparently confounded by the presence of VFA. Air-drying HM shelled corn at 65 C for 24 hr, prior to DM determination, resulted in a 3% (P < 0.01) increase in DM content. However, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.01) with the effect of fine grinding; hence, the most accurate DM determinations were obtained when the samples were finely ground after air-drying. The least accurate sample preparation was from finely ground corn which had not previously been air dried. Moisture was apparently lost during grinding due to equilibration with atmospheric moisture.

Pleasingness vs Interestingness of Visual Stimuli with Controlled Complexity: Their Relationship to Looking Time as a Function of Exposure Time

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Smets
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Stimulus Pair ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stimulus Complexity

Ss take more time to perceive interesting/displeasing stimuli than uninteresting/pleasing ones. This is consistent with the results of former experiments. However we used a different operationalization of looking time, based on binocular rivalry. Each of six stimulus pairs was presented in a stereoscope. One member of each pair was interesting but displeasing in comparison to the other member. Stimulus complexity was under control. Due to binocular rivalry Ss perceived only one pattern a time. 20 Ss were asked to indicate which pattern they actually saw by pushing two buttons. For each stimulus pair was registered how long each button was pushed during each of six successive minutes. Unlike other operationalizations this one is less dependent on S's determination of what stimulus will be looked at or for how long. It has the advantage that it is bound up more exclusively with relations of similarity and dissimilarity between stimulus elements. It allows manipulation of exposure time in a systematic and continuous way. There is no significant interaction between looking and exposure time.

MOISTURE CONTENT AND PROCESSING OF CORN FOR PIGS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
High Moisture Corn

Two trials were conducted involving 44 individually fed growing-finishing pigs to evaluate the effect of corn moisture content and method of processing of corn on performance. Digestible energy values of the diets were determined. When pigs had free access to feed and water, those fed high moisture corn consumed less dry matter and gained less rapidly than those fed artificially dried corn. The digestible energy values of diets containing whole corn were less than those of diets containing rolled or ground corn. The gain/feed ratio for diets containing whole corn was lower in the first trial but similar to other diets in the second trial.

Evaluation of Agreement Among Routine Methods for Determination of Fluoride in Vegetation: Interlaboratory Collaborative Study

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1150-1154
Author(s):  
Jay S Jacobson ◽  
John J Troiano ◽  
Christina C Cosentini ◽  
John Evans
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Considerable Improvement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Potentiometric Analysis ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
Vegetation Samples ◽  
Action Methods

Abstract An interlaboratory collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the performance of methods and laboratories for the measurement of fluoride in vegetation. Samples of 8 plant species containing about 5-200 ppm fluoride were distributed to 40 participants who were instructed to use their routine methods of analysis. Methods which had sufficient participants to allow the inclusion of results in statistical analyses were classified into 3 categories: (1) Willard-Winter method (similar to the AOAC official final action method); (2) semiautomated and potentiometric methods (similar to the 2 AOAC official first action methods); and (3) potentiometric analysis with prior ashing, fusion, and/or distillation (not an approved method). There was a significant interaction of methods with samples caused by 3 of the 8 samples. In the other 5 samples, the Willard-Winter and semiautomated methods gave higher mean values for fluoride content than did the 2 potentiometric methods. Despite considerable improvement in speed and simplicity of fluoride analyses during the last decade, agreement between laboratories has not improved because of the variety of methods and techniques in use, the inherent differences between methods, and, apparently, poor laboratory quality control.

Carbon Dioxide Evolution from High-Moisture Shelled Corn Treated with Iprodione†

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
SLAVEN ALJINOVIC ◽  
CARL J. BERN ◽  
PRINCE N. DUGBA ◽  
MANJIT K. MISRA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Evolution ◽  
Dry Matter Loss

Carbon dioxide evolution was used to determine the storage life of 22.7% moisture shelled corn. Four iprodione fungicide treatments plus an untreated control were tested. The fungicide was tested on corn having three levels of mechanical kernel damage: 7% (hand shelled), 25% (combine harvested), and 16% (a blend of the other two damage levels). All iprodione treatments significantly increased storage life. Corn samples with higher levels of kernel damage took shorter times to reach the 0.5% dry-matter loss (DML) level. For combine-shelled corn, the fungicide increased storage life 17% at 15 mg/kg of corn and 46% at 20 mg/kg of corn.

AMMONIA OR UREA TREATMENT OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
P. McCAUGHEY ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Ground Corn

Treatments of high moisture shelled corn were compared in diets containing approximately 60% (dry matter (DM) basis) corn silage. In an initial digestibility trial, treatments were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 1.5% (wt/wt) mixture of acetic: propionic acid, whole; (3) 2% (wt/wt DM basis) anhydrous ammonia, whole. Treatments were evaluated with six yearling steers in a double 3 × 3 latin square design. Urea was included in the ensiled and acid-treated corn diets to supply sufficient nitrogen. Ammoniating whole corn resulted in similar starch and energy digestibilities compared to ensiled ground corn. However, a large decrease in starch digestibility occurred with acid-treated whole corn. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber was greater (P < 0.05) with both ammoniated and acid-treated whole than ensiled ground corn. In a feedlot trial, two high moisture corn treatments compared were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 3.7% (wt/wt DM basis) urea, whole. Eighty Hereford yearling steers compared the two corn diets each with or without monensin. Temperatures rose steadily within bins plateauing approximately 21/2 wk after storage. The amount of urea that hydrolyzed to ammonia varied depending upon location within bins. A total of 1.4% DM loss occurred during storage. Urea-treatment tended to slightly reduce liveweight gain and feed efficiency. Monensin decreased intake (P < 0.05) and slightly improved feed efficiency (P > 0.05) with both types of corn. Effects of monensin on rumen VFA were similar with both corn diets. Type of corn had no effect on rumen VFA proportions.

Comparison of enantiomers of organic acids for their effects on methane production in vitro

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Reis ◽  
A. V. Chaves ◽  
S. R. O. Williams ◽  
P. J. Moate
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Microorganisms ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ch4 Production

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic acids on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Four organic acids (tartaric, malic, fumaric and citric) and their enantiomers (L-tartaric, D-tartaric, DL-tartaric, L-malic and DL-malic) were analysed using in vitro batch culture incubations, at four concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 mM). Cumulative total gas and methane (CH4) production (mL/g DM) were measured at 6, 12 and 24 h; ammonia, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined after 24 h of fermentation. Overall, addition of acids at 5 to 15 mM increased (P < 0.0001) cumulative gas and CH4 production. No effect (P > 0.10) of enantiomers, individual acid or interaction acid × concentration was detected at 12 and 24 h for cumulative gas or CH4 production. Addition of DL-malic, L-malic and fumaric acids increased (P < 0.0001) the percentage of propionic acid in the ruminal fluid total VFA compared with all concentrations of the other organic acids or their enantiomers. Ammonia concentration was not affected (P ≥ 0.28) by the addition of organic acids, concentrations or interactions. These findings are evidence that ruminal microorganisms can metabolise both D- and L-enantiomers of organic acids. None of the organic acids and their enantiomers at four different concentrations demonstrated potential as CH4 mitigation agents.

Comparison of methods for dry matter determination of high moisture roughages and faeces

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Aerts ◽  
D. L. De Brabander ◽  
B. G. Cottyn ◽  
F. X. Buysse ◽  
R. J. Moermans
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
High Moisture

Action inhibitrice des morphactines sur l'axe principal des Coleus

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237-1243
Author(s):  
Michèle-A. Dubuc-Lebreux
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Principal Axis ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Factors

Specimens of Coleus hybridus 'Chartreuse' have been treated with two morphactins (IT 3233 and IT 3456) which were applied, either one or four times, to the apex of the plant or the soil beneath, at 25 or 50 ppm. The treated plants have shown inhibition symptoms in their growth at the principal axis. Generally the action of IT 3233 was minimal; on the other hand, IT 3456 has brought a well-marked reduction of the length of the axes. A factorial analysis of the measurements of the treated groups by IT 3456 has permitted the determination of two very significant factors: 'method of application' and 'frequency'; also it has shown a significant interaction between these factors. The two concentrations used did not produce effects that were significantly different.

The effect of diet composition and level of feeding on digestion in the stomach and intestines of sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. SUTTON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Quantitative Importance

1. Four wether sheep, each fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and a rumen cannula, were used to determine the relative quantitative importance of digestion in the stomach compared with that in the intestines when diets of low (HM1) and high starch (CM1) content were fed at 0.9 times maintenance and when the high-starch diet was fed at 1.7 (CM2) and 2.3 (CM3) times maintenance. Paper, impregnated with chromic oxide, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were administered.2. An apparatus is described which allowed one operator to collect, record, sample and return the duodenal digesta from two sheep simultaneously.3. Total digestion was determined by faeces collections over 7–10 day periods, and digestion in the stomach by measuring the total flow of digesta from the abomasum to the duodenum over two 24 h periods with two or three sheep on each ration. Flow values were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromic oxide.4. The recoveries of chromic oxide and PEG were similar and it was concluded that either marker was satisfactory for adjusting 24 h flow values. Disadvantages of using PEG are discussed.5. There was relatively little difference between rations HM1 and CM1 in the proportion of digestible organic matter and energy digested in the stomach. Only 57.1% of the total dry-matter digestion occurred in the stomach for ration HM1 compared with 65.0% for ration CM1 reflecting a smaller net gain in ash for ration CM1. Doubling the level of intake (ration CM2) resulted in a decrease in the proportion of digestible dry matter, organic matter and energy digested in the stomach. When the level was increased still further with ration CM3, the proportion continued to decrease with one sheep but increased with the other.6. All but 5–11% of the digestible starch (measured as α-linked glucose polymer) was fermented in the stomach, the lowest proportion being with ration HM1.7. The amount of nitrogen reaching the duodenum was approximately equal to the amount ingested with rations HM1 and CM1 but considerably greater with the other two rations. All rations contained approximately 2% nitrogen.8. Calculation of the estimated loss of energy as methane and heat of fermentation suggested that 50–54% of the digestible energy was absorbed as volatile fatty acids.

Microwave, Air and Combined Microwave-Air Drying of Grape Leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) and the Determination of Some Quality Parameters

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilknur Alibas
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract Grape leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) weighing 50 g (±0.08) with a moisture of 4.08 kg(moisture) kg−1(dry matter) (75.35% wb) were dried using three different drying methods: microwave, air and combined microwave-air. Drying continued until the leaf moisture decreased to 0.14 (±0.01) kg(moisture) kg−1(dry matter) (9.07% (±0.20) wb). Drying periods lasted 5–11, 30–70 and 1.5–6 min for microwave, air and combined microwave-air drying, respectively, depending on the drying level. In this study, measured values of moisture were compared with values of predicted obtained from several thin-layer equations; the Alibas Model was found to have the best fit. The optimum drying period, color and ascorbic acid content were obtained by using the combined microwave-air drying method with the optimum combination of 500 W of microwave power at a temperature of 75°C.

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