SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN THE COW DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY, AT PARTURITION, AND POST-PARTUM

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Cyclic Activity ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Estrous Behavior

The progesterone concentration in peripheral plasma has been measured sequentially in individual cows during the estrous cycle, gestation, at parturition, and post-partum. During the estrous cycle the concentration was lowest just before, during, and just after estrus when the level (0.1–0.4 ng/ml) was similar to that found in three ovariectomized cows. The concentration commenced to rise on the 4th–6th day (day of estrus = 1st day), reached a peak of 3–6 ng/ml on the 11th–13th day, and dropped rapidly over a 24–48-hr period to a basal value 24–72 hr before the next estrus. In early pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration was similar to the maximum levels found during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Between 90 and 150 days there was an indication of a decline to a relatively low plasma progesterone concentration followed by a variable rise. Prior to parturition, there was a gradual decline over a period of 35–70 days reaching a level of <2.0 ng/ml the day before parturition. Following parturition, the level remained at <0.5 ng/ml until the first sign of the resumption of cyclic activity. The time for this to occur was very variable (20–>60 days). Although not conclusive, the evidence favors the view that for estrous behavior to occur, estrus must be preceded by luteal activity. The discharge of mucus can occur without previous luteal activity.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION OF COWS DURING PUBERTY, OESTROUS CYCLES, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION, AND THE EFFECTS OF UNDER-NUTRITION OR EXOGENOUS OXYTOCIN ON PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. DONALDSON ◽  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
G. D. THORBURN
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Normal Cycle ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY Progesterone concentrations in the peripheral plasma of cows were measured by a protein-binding radioassay method. The mean concentration was lowest at oestrus (0·44 ng/ml) and then increased to a maximum of 6·8 ng/ml about day 14 of the 21-day cycle. The concentration decreased rapidly during the last 4 days of the cycle, reaching low levels on the day before oestrus. There were no significant changes in progesterone concentration during oestrus. After ovariectomy the plasma progesterone concentration decreased to a very low level (< 0·4 ng/ml). After hysterectomy, progesterone concentrations remained high for longer than in a normal cycle. At puberty, plasma progesterone concentrations indicated cyclic ovarian activity before the first observed oestrus. Daily treatment of cows with oxytocin (0·4 u./kg body weight) from day 2 reduced the oestrous cycle length to 9 days, but did not significantly alter the slow increase in plasma progesterone concentration during the first 5 days of the cycle. Plasma progesterone concentrations decreased again after day 5 to low values. Plasma progesterone concentration during early pregnancy was similar to the luteal phase value (4–6 ng/ml), declined during mid-pregnancy and then increased to a maximum (7–8 ng/ml) at about 240 days gestation. The concentration declined 2–3 weeks before calving. During lactation progesterone concentrations were very low until the resumption of cyclic ovarian activity. The first post-partum cycle, whether accompanied by observed oestrus or not, was usually preceded by a small increase in plasma progesterone concentration 3–5 days before the start of the cycle. Undernutrition significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations in mid- and late pregnancy. Undernutrition of non-pregnant cows increased progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the first cycle, but reduced it in later cycles.

THE CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF THE PREGNANT EWE

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
TANA J. OXBORROW ◽  
I. D. SMITH ◽  
G. D. THORBURN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARY The progesterone concentration in the peripheral plasma of ewes throughout pregnancy has been determined by a protein-binding method. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the first 50 days of pregnancy (2–3 ng./ml.) were not significantly higher than peak concentrations during the luteal phase in cycling non-pregnant ewes, but there was no decrease in the concentration 15–20 days after mating as occurs in non-pregnant ewes. Between 50 and 120 days after mating the plasma progesterone concentration increased steadily to values 2–5 times that found in early pregnancy. These high concentrations were maintained until lambing. A decrease in progesterone concentration during the week preceding lambing was usually, but not always, observed. Mean plasma progesterone concentrations during the last 50 days of pregnancy in ewes with twins were approximately twice those in ewes with a single foetus.

CIRCADIAN VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN THE LUTEAL PHASE OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND DURING PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Runnebaum ◽  
W. Rieben ◽  
A.-M. Bierwirth-v. Münstermann ◽  
J. Zander
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Circadian Variations ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

ABSTRACT Serial plasma progesterone determinations were performed by gas-liquid chromatography in healthy women during 24 hour periods during the luteal phase of the cycle and during pregnancy. In 10 women during the hyperthermic phase of the cycle and in 14 women during early pregnancy (week 8–18) no significant circadian variation in the peripheral plasma progesterone concentration was observed. During later pregnancy (week 20–41) in 15 women, a statistically significant rise in the plasma progesterone concentration, usually from 8.00 a.m. until between 4.00 and 8.00 p. m. followed by a decrease after 8.00 p. m. until between 4.00 and 8.00 a. m., was demonstrated. The data indicate a diurnal change in the peripheral plasma progesterone level during the last trimester of pregnancy.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATIONS IN SHEEP DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
K. J. A. REVFEIM ◽  
A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Hours

SUMMARY Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma were measured once daily during one oestrous cycle in each of eight sheep. In addition, on days 4–5, 8–9, 12–13 and 15–16 of the oestrous cycle, blood samples were collected at 30-min intervals throughout each 24-h period. A total of three ewes was sampled in each 24-h period and the same three animals were not bled again for at least 1 week. Plasma progesterone concentrations in all the ewes fluctuated considerably throughout each 24-h period. The within-sheep within-day variations observed in peripheral progesterone concentrations were compared with the between-sheep within-day variations and the within-sheep between-day variations previously reported. It is concluded that these previously reported variations in peripheral plasma progesterone concentration could be attributed to within-day variations in each animal. On days 8–9 and 12–13 of the oestrous cycle there were significantly higher concentrations of progesterone in plasma during the hours of daylight than during the hours of darkness. In contrast, progesterone concentrations on days 4–5 and 15–16 were not found to be significantly different between the hours of daylight and darkness. These results suggest that diurnal changes in peripheral plasma progesterone concentration occur during the luteal phase of the ovine oestrous cycle.

DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTERONE IN PLASMA BETWEEN PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT QUOKKAS (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. CAKE ◽  
F. J. OWEN ◽  
S. D. BRADSHAW
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Early Peak

The plasma progesterone concentrations during pregnancy and the oestrous cycle of the quokka were measured daily after each had been initiated by the removal of pouch young. Progesterone levels ranged from 0·6 ng/ml in the early stages of the oestrous cycle to about 2·5 ng/ml at the peak of the luteal phase. There was no significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant states before the removal of the pouch young nor in the latter half of the cycle. However, the plasma progesterone concentration on days 3–4 after removal of the pouch young was significantly greater in pregnant animals when compared with nonpregnant animals at the same stage and also when compared with the levels before removal of young. This early peak in the concentration of progesterone in peripheral plasma is discussed in relation to the development of the previously dormant blastocyst.

Role of plasma progesterone concentration in early pregnancy of the ewe

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (113) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
FD Brien ◽  
IA Cumming ◽  
IJ Clarke ◽  
CS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

Eighty-eight maiden and 125 mature Merino ewes were grazed on green irrigated pasture or given dry hay on a fallow area with or without a lupin grain supplement just before and during mating. Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma were measured at 12 d after coitus. Progesterone concentration was lower (2.27 vs 2.87 ng/ml, P < 0.001 ) when lupins were fed, and maiden ewes had higher progesterone concentrations than mature ewes (2.75 vs 2.36 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Pregnant ewes had higher progesterone concentrations than non-pregnant ewes (2.77 vs 2.36 ng/ml, P < 0.05), and ewes with two ovulations had higher progesterone concentrations than ewes with a single ovulation (3.13 vs 2.08 ng/ml, P < 0.001). There was an interaction between pasture type and lupin supplement, with lupins depressing progesterone level more on green irrigated pasture (lupins 2.11 ng/ml, no lupins 3.00 ng/ml, P < 0.05) than on dry pasture (lupins 2.45 ng/ml, no lupins 2.74 ng/ml, P < 0.05). The results confirm that a high plane of nutrition at mating lowers progesterone levels in plasma and suggest that this may be a factor in the increase in embryo deaths when ewes are fed lupin grain supplements.

SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN THE EWE DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE, AND DURING PREGNANCY IN INTACT AND OVARIECTOMIZED SHEEP

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. SARDA ◽  
H. A. ROBERTSON ◽  
T. C. SMEATON
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Second Peak

The progesterone concentration in the peripheral plasma was measured sequentially in individual ewes during the estrous cycle, and during gestation and parturition in intact and in ovariectomized ewes. Progesterone levels during anestrum and in ovariectomized ewes have been measured. During the estrous cycle the concentration was lowest (0.1–0.2 ng/ml) from 36 h before to 48 h after, the onset of estrus. A similar concentration was found during anestrum and in ovariectomized ewes, suggesting that at estrus the progesterone comes from nonovarian tissue, probably the adrenal gland. On the 4th day of the cycle (day of estrus = 1st day) the progesterone level began to rise reaching a peak of 1.9–4.0 ng/ml on the 10th day. After a decline, the level rose to a second peak on the 14th or 15th day. Three to 4 days before the next onset of estrus the concentration dropped sharply over a period of 48 h to a low basal level (0.1–0.2 ng/ml). During early pregnancy the plasma progesterone concentration remained fairly constant at a level similar to the maximum level found during the cycle. A sharp rise started around the 80th day, reaching 15–20 ng/ml around the 110th day. This was followed by a second peak, then a decline in the plasma progesterone concentration before parturition, but the time at which this began was variable (1–11 days) and even on the day of parturition the level was generally > 3 ng/ml. A basal level of < 0.5 ng/ml was reached within 24 h after parturition. Pregnancy in ewes ovariectomized soon after conceiving was maintained with implants of progesterone. When these implants were removed around the 90th day of pregnancy the plasma progesterone concentration showed a similar rise to that which occurred in intact pregnant ewes at this time. Parturition occurred normally in these ewes. Within the limited population sample, any relation between the plasma progesterone and the number, sex, or weight of the fetus (es) was masked by the individual variability in the concentration of progesterone.

EFFECT OF HCG ON PLASMA PROGESTERONE DURING THE LUTEAL PHASE OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND DURING PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Runnebaum ◽  
K. Holzmann ◽  
A.-M. Bierwirth-v. Münstermann ◽  
J. Zander
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Stimulation Experiments

ABSTRACT The influence of intravenous HCG infusions lasting for 2 hours on the peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations was investigated in healthy women on day 5 during the hyperthermic phase of the menstrual cycle and during week 6–19 and 31–39 of pregnancy. During the luteal phase the peripheral plasma progesterone level can be increased, on an average, up to 70 % with 5000 IU and up to 250 % with 20 000 IU. The highest plasma progesterone concentrations were reached about 8 hours after the beginning of the HCG infusion. In some experiments significantly elevated progesterone concentrations were still observed 20 hours after starting the HCG infusion. The results of intravenous HCG stimulation experiments during early pregnancy (10 000–20 000 IU) and during late pregnancy (5000–20 000 IU) showed no marked changes in the peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations.

PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF SHEEP DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. THORBURN ◽  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
I. D. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin

SUMMARY Using a protein-binding technique, progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma (jugular vein) were measured throughout the oestrous cycle of 24 ewes. Examination of the specificity of the method by thin-layer chromatography indicated that interference from other steroids was not significant in sheep plasma. During the first 4 days of the cycle (days 0–3), plasma progesterone concentrations were below 0·4 ng./ml., increasing to a mean level of 1·5–2·5 ng./ml. between days 4 and 9, and remaining at this level for approximately 5 days, before declining rapidly on days 14 and 15 to reach a low level on the day before oestrus. The progesterone concentration on the day of oestrus was extremely low (0·1 ng./ml.), and was of the same order as that found in the plasma of wethers and anoestrous or ovariectomized ewes. Three ewes, superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, showed marked elevation of peripheral progesterone concentration during the luteal phase of the cycle, the concentration being proportional to the number of corpora lutea formed.

Studies of the oestrous cycle, oestrus and pregnancy in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Johnston ◽  
MR McGowan ◽  
P O'Callaghan ◽  
R Cox ◽  
V Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations

As an integral part of the development of an artificial insemination programme in the captive koala, female reproductive physiology and behaviour were studied. The oestrous cycle in non-mated and mated koalas was characterized by means of behavioural oestrus, morphology of external genitalia and changes in the peripheral plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progestogen. The mean (+/- SEM) duration of the non-mated oestrous cycle and duration of oestrus in 12 koalas was 32.9 +/- 1.1 (n = 22) and 10.3 +/- 0.9 (n = 24) days, respectively. Although the commencement of oestrous behaviour was associated with increasing or high concentrations of oestradiol, there were no consistent changes in the morphology or appearance of the clitoris, pericloacal region, pouch or mammary teats that could be used to characterize the non-mated cycle. As progestogen concentrations remained at basal values throughout the interoestrous period, non-mated cycles were considered non-luteal and presumed anovulatory. After mating of the 12 koalas, six females gave birth with a mean (+/- SEM) gestation of 34.8 +/- 0.3 days, whereas the remaining six non-parturient females returned to oestrus 49.5 +/- 1. 0 days later. After mating, oestrous behaviour ceased and the progestogen profile showed a significant increase in both pregnant and non-parturient females, indicating that a luteal phase had been induced by the physical act of mating. Progestogen concentrations throughout the luteal phase of the pregnant females were significantly higher than those of non-parturient females. Parturition was associated with a decreasing concentration of progestogen, which was increased above that of basal concentrations until 7 days post partum.

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