PERIPHERAL PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION OF COWS DURING PUBERTY, OESTROUS CYCLES, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION, AND THE EFFECTS OF UNDER-NUTRITION OR EXOGENOUS OXYTOCIN ON PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. DONALDSON ◽  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
G. D. THORBURN
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Normal Cycle ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY Progesterone concentrations in the peripheral plasma of cows were measured by a protein-binding radioassay method. The mean concentration was lowest at oestrus (0·44 ng/ml) and then increased to a maximum of 6·8 ng/ml about day 14 of the 21-day cycle. The concentration decreased rapidly during the last 4 days of the cycle, reaching low levels on the day before oestrus. There were no significant changes in progesterone concentration during oestrus. After ovariectomy the plasma progesterone concentration decreased to a very low level (< 0·4 ng/ml). After hysterectomy, progesterone concentrations remained high for longer than in a normal cycle. At puberty, plasma progesterone concentrations indicated cyclic ovarian activity before the first observed oestrus. Daily treatment of cows with oxytocin (0·4 u./kg body weight) from day 2 reduced the oestrous cycle length to 9 days, but did not significantly alter the slow increase in plasma progesterone concentration during the first 5 days of the cycle. Plasma progesterone concentrations decreased again after day 5 to low values. Plasma progesterone concentration during early pregnancy was similar to the luteal phase value (4–6 ng/ml), declined during mid-pregnancy and then increased to a maximum (7–8 ng/ml) at about 240 days gestation. The concentration declined 2–3 weeks before calving. During lactation progesterone concentrations were very low until the resumption of cyclic ovarian activity. The first post-partum cycle, whether accompanied by observed oestrus or not, was usually preceded by a small increase in plasma progesterone concentration 3–5 days before the start of the cycle. Undernutrition significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations in mid- and late pregnancy. Undernutrition of non-pregnant cows increased progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the first cycle, but reduced it in later cycles.

SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN THE COW DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY, AT PARTURITION, AND POST-PARTUM

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Cyclic Activity ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Estrous Behavior

The progesterone concentration in peripheral plasma has been measured sequentially in individual cows during the estrous cycle, gestation, at parturition, and post-partum. During the estrous cycle the concentration was lowest just before, during, and just after estrus when the level (0.1–0.4 ng/ml) was similar to that found in three ovariectomized cows. The concentration commenced to rise on the 4th–6th day (day of estrus = 1st day), reached a peak of 3–6 ng/ml on the 11th–13th day, and dropped rapidly over a 24–48-hr period to a basal value 24–72 hr before the next estrus. In early pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration was similar to the maximum levels found during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Between 90 and 150 days there was an indication of a decline to a relatively low plasma progesterone concentration followed by a variable rise. Prior to parturition, there was a gradual decline over a period of 35–70 days reaching a level of <2.0 ng/ml the day before parturition. Following parturition, the level remained at <0.5 ng/ml until the first sign of the resumption of cyclic activity. The time for this to occur was very variable (20–>60 days). Although not conclusive, the evidence favors the view that for estrous behavior to occur, estrus must be preceded by luteal activity. The discharge of mucus can occur without previous luteal activity.

THE CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF THE PREGNANT EWE

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
TANA J. OXBORROW ◽  
I. D. SMITH ◽  
G. D. THORBURN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARY The progesterone concentration in the peripheral plasma of ewes throughout pregnancy has been determined by a protein-binding method. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the first 50 days of pregnancy (2–3 ng./ml.) were not significantly higher than peak concentrations during the luteal phase in cycling non-pregnant ewes, but there was no decrease in the concentration 15–20 days after mating as occurs in non-pregnant ewes. Between 50 and 120 days after mating the plasma progesterone concentration increased steadily to values 2–5 times that found in early pregnancy. These high concentrations were maintained until lambing. A decrease in progesterone concentration during the week preceding lambing was usually, but not always, observed. Mean plasma progesterone concentrations during the last 50 days of pregnancy in ewes with twins were approximately twice those in ewes with a single foetus.

Progesterone and oestrogen receptors in the female genital tract throughout pregnancy in tammar wallabies

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Renfree ◽  
DR Blanden
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Point Analysis

The tammar, Macropus eugenii, is a monovular macropodid marsupial which has a post-partum oestrus and an 11 month embryonic diapause. Progesterone and oestradiol cytosol receptors were measured by Scatchard analyses and single point analysis in the lateral vagina, endometrium and myometrium of the gravid and contralateral non-gravid uterus throughout pregnancy, immediately after parturition and during seasonal reproductive quiescence. In endometrial tissues, both progesterone and oestradiol receptors doubled in concentration in both gravid and non-gravid uteri between day 0 and day 5 of pregnancy, coinciding with previously described peak values in peripheral plasma progesterone and oestrogen. Receptor concentrations in endometrial tissue during seasonal quiescence were not significantly different from those immediately after reactivation. After day 12 of pregnancy, downregulation of both progesterone and oestradiol cytosolic receptors occurred concomitant with the increase in progesterone in the peripheral plasma. However, there was a unilateral increase in oestradiol receptor concentrations in endometrium obtained from the non-gravid uterus between day 25 of the 26.5 day gestation and immediately after parturition. Myometrial receptor concentrations mirrored those of the endometrium but were lower. Concentrations of progesterone receptor in the lateral vaginae were at the lower limit of detection, while the oestradiol cytosol receptor concentrations were even lower in this tissue. Thus, the steroid receptor concentrations provide another example of local unilateral endocrine responses in the reproductive tract of the tammar. These results also indicate that the downregulation of progesterone and oestradiol receptors that occurs in both uteri in mid- and late-pregnancy is selectively and locally reversed before parturition in the non-gravid endometrium in response to the local effects of follicular oestradiol from the ipsilateral ovary.

CIRCADIAN VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN THE LUTEAL PHASE OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND DURING PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Runnebaum ◽  
W. Rieben ◽  
A.-M. Bierwirth-v. Münstermann ◽  
J. Zander
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Circadian Variations ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

ABSTRACT Serial plasma progesterone determinations were performed by gas-liquid chromatography in healthy women during 24 hour periods during the luteal phase of the cycle and during pregnancy. In 10 women during the hyperthermic phase of the cycle and in 14 women during early pregnancy (week 8–18) no significant circadian variation in the peripheral plasma progesterone concentration was observed. During later pregnancy (week 20–41) in 15 women, a statistically significant rise in the plasma progesterone concentration, usually from 8.00 a.m. until between 4.00 and 8.00 p. m. followed by a decrease after 8.00 p. m. until between 4.00 and 8.00 a. m., was demonstrated. The data indicate a diurnal change in the peripheral plasma progesterone level during the last trimester of pregnancy.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATIONS IN SHEEP DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
K. J. A. REVFEIM ◽  
A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Hours

SUMMARY Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma were measured once daily during one oestrous cycle in each of eight sheep. In addition, on days 4–5, 8–9, 12–13 and 15–16 of the oestrous cycle, blood samples were collected at 30-min intervals throughout each 24-h period. A total of three ewes was sampled in each 24-h period and the same three animals were not bled again for at least 1 week. Plasma progesterone concentrations in all the ewes fluctuated considerably throughout each 24-h period. The within-sheep within-day variations observed in peripheral progesterone concentrations were compared with the between-sheep within-day variations and the within-sheep between-day variations previously reported. It is concluded that these previously reported variations in peripheral plasma progesterone concentration could be attributed to within-day variations in each animal. On days 8–9 and 12–13 of the oestrous cycle there were significantly higher concentrations of progesterone in plasma during the hours of daylight than during the hours of darkness. In contrast, progesterone concentrations on days 4–5 and 15–16 were not found to be significantly different between the hours of daylight and darkness. These results suggest that diurnal changes in peripheral plasma progesterone concentration occur during the luteal phase of the ovine oestrous cycle.

THE PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF THE MINK (MUSTELA VISON) DURING PREGNANCY

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. MØLLER
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Peak Value

SUMMARY In mink bitches mated once, the progesterone levels in plasma remained at the basal level (< 8 ng/ml, i.e. comparable with the progesterone levels in anoestrous mink) during the first days after coitus. The duration of this lag period varied from 10 to about 20 days, and was found to correspond with the length of gestation. However, in general a gradual increase was observed beginning about 40 days before parturition with a maximum plasma progesterone concentration (63–105 ng/ml) from 10 to 25 days later on. After the peak value had been attained the plasma progesterone concentration declined gradually to the day of parturition and was low ( < 10 ng/ml) at parturition and afterwards. The progesterone values and profiles obtained from females mated twice corresponded with those obtained from females mated once. The increase in progesterone, however, began a few days after the second mating. The developmental stages of the foetuses corresponded clearly with the progesterone profile. In three mated females which failed to give birth a slow increase in progesterone concentration was observed beginning about 15 days post coitum. In these bitches the progesterone concentration reached a plateau (30–45 ng/ml) between day 30 and day 40 post coitum, after which a slow decline was observed. The period when the progesterone concentrations were increased above the basal level lasted about 40 days even in the females which did not give birth.

DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTERONE IN PLASMA BETWEEN PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT QUOKKAS (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. CAKE ◽  
F. J. OWEN ◽  
S. D. BRADSHAW
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Early Peak

The plasma progesterone concentrations during pregnancy and the oestrous cycle of the quokka were measured daily after each had been initiated by the removal of pouch young. Progesterone levels ranged from 0·6 ng/ml in the early stages of the oestrous cycle to about 2·5 ng/ml at the peak of the luteal phase. There was no significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant states before the removal of the pouch young nor in the latter half of the cycle. However, the plasma progesterone concentration on days 3–4 after removal of the pouch young was significantly greater in pregnant animals when compared with nonpregnant animals at the same stage and also when compared with the levels before removal of young. This early peak in the concentration of progesterone in peripheral plasma is discussed in relation to the development of the previously dormant blastocyst.

EFFECT OF HCG ON PLASMA PROGESTERONE DURING THE LUTEAL PHASE OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND DURING PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Runnebaum ◽  
K. Holzmann ◽  
A.-M. Bierwirth-v. Münstermann ◽  
J. Zander
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Stimulation Experiments

ABSTRACT The influence of intravenous HCG infusions lasting for 2 hours on the peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations was investigated in healthy women on day 5 during the hyperthermic phase of the menstrual cycle and during week 6–19 and 31–39 of pregnancy. During the luteal phase the peripheral plasma progesterone level can be increased, on an average, up to 70 % with 5000 IU and up to 250 % with 20 000 IU. The highest plasma progesterone concentrations were reached about 8 hours after the beginning of the HCG infusion. In some experiments significantly elevated progesterone concentrations were still observed 20 hours after starting the HCG infusion. The results of intravenous HCG stimulation experiments during early pregnancy (10 000–20 000 IU) and during late pregnancy (5000–20 000 IU) showed no marked changes in the peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations.

THE EFFECTS OF DEXAMETHASONE AND INDOMETHACIN ON THE OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. G. CHALLIS ◽  
I. J. DAVIES ◽  
K. J. RYAN
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Dexamethasone Treatment ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Length Of Gestation

SUMMARY Pregnant rabbits were treated with indomethacin (8–10 mg/kg/day) or dexamethasone (1·2–1·8 mg/kg/day) during late gestation. The effects of these treatments on the concentrations of progesterone and prostaglandin F (PGF) in the peripheral plasma, and the outcome of gestation were studied. Treatment with indomethacin significantly prolonged the length of gestation (P < 0·01) compared with control, untreated animals. In these treated animals, the plasma progesterone levels declined at a similar time to that in control rabbits but the increase in systemic PGF normally seen during late pregnancy was reduced. Dexamethasone treatment reliably induced premature delivery within 3–6 days. The plasma progesterone concentration fell rapidly during the first 24 h of dexamethasone administration, but in no animal was this associated with a significant increase in the plasma levels of PGF. These results are consistent with the suggestion that prostaglandins are involved in the normal initiation of parturition in the rabbit. They do not support the hypothesis that the effect of dexamethasone on the length of gestation is mediated through an increase in the production of prostaglandin F.

PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF SHEEP DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. THORBURN ◽  
J. M. BASSETT ◽  
I. D. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin

SUMMARY Using a protein-binding technique, progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma (jugular vein) were measured throughout the oestrous cycle of 24 ewes. Examination of the specificity of the method by thin-layer chromatography indicated that interference from other steroids was not significant in sheep plasma. During the first 4 days of the cycle (days 0–3), plasma progesterone concentrations were below 0·4 ng./ml., increasing to a mean level of 1·5–2·5 ng./ml. between days 4 and 9, and remaining at this level for approximately 5 days, before declining rapidly on days 14 and 15 to reach a low level on the day before oestrus. The progesterone concentration on the day of oestrus was extremely low (0·1 ng./ml.), and was of the same order as that found in the plasma of wethers and anoestrous or ovariectomized ewes. Three ewes, superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, showed marked elevation of peripheral progesterone concentration during the luteal phase of the cycle, the concentration being proportional to the number of corpora lutea formed.

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