EFFECTS OF THE DEGREE OF SELECTIVE FEEDING ALLOWED ON FORAGE VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY ASSAY RESULTS USING SHEEP

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
Opportunity For Selection

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), first- and second-cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hays, and oat (Avena sativa L.) straw were assayed for digestible dry matter (DDM) and dry matter intake (DMI) using sheep with various opportunities for feed selection provided by varying weighbacks between 0 and 30%. Digestible energy intakes (DEI) were also calculated. There was a slight increase in DMI values as the opportunity for selection increased, due to slightly lower DMI at low levels of weighback and higher DMI as weighback approached 30%. There were no changes in DMI due to the opportunity for selection when weighbacks varied only from 5 to 25%. Except for an apparent curvilinear relationship for the first-cut alfalfa, the change in DDM as the opportunity for selection increased was similar to that of DMI. However, the maximum changes in DDM that could be attributed to the opportunity for selection would be barely detectable in normal digestion trials. Changes in DEI attributable to the opportunity for selection were caused primarily by DMI rather than digestibility. DEI showed a slight increase as weighback increased, due to lower values at low levels of weighback and, in some cases, higher values at higher levels of weighback. There were no changes in DEI values that could be attributed to the opportunity for selection when weighbacks varied only from 5 to 25%. The data indicate that, for forage evaluation purposes, DMI and DDM can be assayed with confidence at levels of weighback between 5 and 20%.

EFFECT OF APPLIED SELENIUM ON THE SELENIUM CONTENT OF BARLEY AND FORAGES AND SOIL SELENIUM DEPLETION RATES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Two separate field experiments were conducted on several crops to determine the effect of selenium (Se) applied to soils with pH levels between 5.7 and 6.6. Tissue Se levels after a single application of Se and lime, were monitored for up to six cropping years or until the tissue Se fell below 0.1 ppm, the level considered to be necessary for animal nutrition. For applications of 1.12 and 2.24 kg Se/ha, the minimal tissue Se concentration (> 0.1 ppm) was maintained in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for two cropping years, but with a very sharp decrease for the first 3 yr. In the case of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), tissue levels greater than 0.1 ppm were maintained for 3 yr at the higher rate of Se without lime and up to 5 yr at high soil pH levels. At the applied rates of 0.28 and 0.56 kg Se/ha, the tissue Se levels above 0.1 ppm in timothy, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were maintained for one and two cropping years, respectively. In spite of the sharp decrease in plant tissue Se levels, little decrease in total soil Se was noted at rates of 1.12 and 2.24 kg Se/ha after successive croppings of barley and timothy. Although not always significant, liming, in general, increased the plant Se concentration. The Se concentration (log ppm) for tissues (or depletion of Se availability) in the Se-applied plots decreased linearly for at least the first three cropping seasons.

EFFET DE LA PRESENCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES SUR LA SURVIE A L’HIVER DU TREFLE ROUGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIUS BELZILE
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Stand Yield ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

The influence of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) on winter survival of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was studied in an experiment conducted in 1984–1985 and repeated in 1985–1986. The results indicate that the presence of timothy can help to improve red clover persistence. When the winter was favorable to the survival of legumes, the red clover population was higher in pure than in mixtured clover populations. However, when the winter was unfavorable to legumes, the red clover population was higher in populations mixed with timothy than in a pure clover population.Key words: Red clover-timothy mixture, winter survival, stand, yield

A COMPARISON OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION DURING WILTING AND ENSILING OF SIX FORAGE SPECIES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
B. D. McKERSIE
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Protein Hydrolysis ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Protein hydrolysis was examined during wilting and ensiling of first and second cut herbage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). During a 24-h wilting period, protein was hydrolyzed to soluble non-protein nitrogen (SNPN) more extensively in first cut than in second cut herbage. In both cuts the amount of protein hydrolysis occurring during wilting was greatest in alfalfa and least in red clover. After 30 days ensiling at 30 °C, SNPN content, expressed as percent of total nitrogen, was influenced by forage species, dry matter (DM) content, and cut. The extent of protein hydrolysis during ensiling was highest in alfalfa and lowest in red clover. In first cut silages, protein hydrolysis increased with DM content, but in the second cut silages, protein hydrolysis decreased as DM content increased. The amount of protein hydrolyzed during wilting or ensiling was not correlated with plant proteinase activity measured using azocasein as substrate. Consequently, the properties of the plant proteolytic enzymes associated with each species as well as the management of the forage prior to ensiling appear to influence the extent of proteolysis.Key words: Proteolysis, silage, haylage, proteinase

Protein degradation and ensiling characteristics of red clover and alfalfa wilted under varying levels of shade

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Owens ◽  
K. A. Albrecht ◽  
R. E. Muck
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Time Required

The conversion of protein nitrogen (PN) to nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in forages occurs rapidly and extensively during wilting and ensiling. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the amount of time between cutting and ensiling affects protein degradation in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage and to document pre- and post-ensiling characteristics of these two species. Forage from the second (24 August 1993), first (27 May 1994), and second (10 July 1995) growth cycles was harvested with hand clippers to a 5-cm stubble height between 09:00 and 10:00 h on each of the three harvest dates. Herbage was allowed to wilt to a targeted dry matter (DM) content of 350 g kg−1 under 0, 30, 73, and 100% shade (wilting treatment) and ensiled in 100-mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes. Time required to reach the desired DM varied each year, with the greatest range in drying times occurring in 1993. Starch was lower and sugar higher in fresh and wilted red clover than in alfalfa. Fresh red clover contained less NPN than alfalfa in 1993 and 1995 (P < 0.05) and similar amounts in 1994 (P > 0.05). Wilting treatment had no effect on NPN in wilted forage in 1994 and 1995, a result of nearly equal wilting times across shade levels. In 1993, however, NPN increased and starch decreased with shade. Within species, further protein hydrolysis during ensiling resulted in similar NPN levels in silage from all wilting treatments in 1993, despite differences in NPN in pre-ensiled wilted forage. Red clover silage consistently contained less NPN than alfalfa. Wilting treatments did not consistently affect sugar and starch concentrations of silage from either species, although there was a tendency for sugar and starch to decrease with longer wilting periods. Key words: alfalfa, red clover, protein degradation, ensiling

Forage chicory persists in combination with cool season grasses and legumes

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Kunelius ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was grown alone and in combination with various grasses and legumes for three production years to determine growth, botanical composition, and persistence. Chicory mixed with grasses and legumes produced greater yields than chicory alone. Mixtures of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) + white clover (Trifolium repens L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) + alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and timothy + red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in combination with chicory produced the highest dry matter yields. Persistence of chicory was adequate; it survived for three production years in the cold-winter region of Atlantic Canada. Including chicory in grass/legume swards improved the seasonal distribution of herbage and increased late season production. Key words: Botanical composition, Cichorium intybus L., combinations, mixtures, persistence, seasonal yield distribution

The yield of legume-gramineous ecosystems with various varieties of red clover on the Non-Chernozem drained lands

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
А.Д. Капсамун ◽  
Е.Н. Павлючик ◽  
Н.Н. Иванова
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Short Season ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Изучение урожайности трёхкомпонентных бобово-злаковых травосмесей с различными сортами клевера лугового проводилось в Тверской области на опытном поле ВНИИ мелиорированных земель в 2018–2020 годах. Опыт заложен в 2018 году на осушаемой дерново-подзолистой почве. Изучались следующие сорта многолетних трав: клевер луговой (Trifolium pratense L.) Кретуновский, Грин, Шанс, Фаленский 86; люцерна изменчивая (× Medicago varia Mart.) Вега 87; тимофеевка луговая (Phleum pratense L.) ВИК 9 и овсяница луговая (Festuca pratensis L.) Сахаровская. В 2020 году наиболее высокими темпами роста обладали травостои второго года пользования с ранними сортами клевера лугового Кретуновский и Грин в смеси с тимофеевкой луговой сорта ВИК 9 — 67–70 см при густоте стеблестоя 495–852 шт./м2. Наиболее продуктивными на осушаемых землях показали себя смешанные травостои люцерны изменчивой, клевера лугового и тимофеевки луговой. Трёхкомпонентные агрофитоценозы укосного типа на основе сортов клевера лугового Кретуновский, Грин, Шанс, Фаленский 86, люцерны изменчивой и тимофеевки луговой сформировали урожай кормовой массы 35–39,7 т/га. Травосмесь тимофеевки луговой с раннеспелым сортом клевера Шанс сформировала два укоса с выходом сухой массы 9,5 т/га, овсяницы луговой — 9,0 т/га. Отмечено хорошее качество полученной растительной массы: содержание переваримого протеина составило 18,9–19,5 г/кг при энергетической питательности 1,09–1,26. В растительной массе травосмесей с овсяницей луговой содержание переваримого протеина было выше, чем в смесях с тимофеевкой луговой, на 1,1 г/кг корма в первом и на 2,41 г/кг корма во втором укосе. По содержанию кормовых единиц в 1 кг корма питательность кормовой массы в зависимости от состава исследуемых смесей была равноценна — 0,23–0,24. The investigation took place in the Tver region on the trial field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands in 2018–2020. The research tested the yield of trinary legume-gramineous ecosystems with various varieties of red clover. The field trial was carried out on the drained sod-podzolic soil in 2018. The following perennial grasses were studied: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) “Kretunovskiy”, “Grin”, “Shans”, “Falenskiy 86”; bastard alfalfa (× Medicago varia Mart.) “Vega 87”; common timothy (Phleum pratense L.) “VIK 9”; and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) “Sakharovskaya”. Growth rates were the highest in the mixtures with short-season red clover varieties “Kretunovskiy”, “Grin”, and common timothy. In 2020, these variants reached height of 67–70 cm and density of 495–852 plants per m2 in the second year. Trinary ecosystems to be cut with bastard alfalfa, red clover “Kretunovskiy”, “Grin”, “Shans”, “Falenskiy 86”, and common timothy provided the maximum yield on the drained lands — 35–39.7 t ha-1. The mixture of common timothy with short-season red clover “Shans” formed 9.5 t ha-1 of dry mass per two cuts, meadow fescue — 9.0 t ha-1. The feed mass showed high quality: digestible protein content was 18.9–19.5 g/kg, energy nutrition was 1.09–1.26. Mixtures with meadow fescue exceeded the ones with common timothy in digestible protein content by 1.1 g/kg in the first cut and by 2.41 g/kg — in the second one. Different variants showed almost no variation in feed units per 1 kg of forage — 0.23–0.24.

FORAGE CROP MATURITY ZONATION IN THE ATLANTIC REGION USING GROWING DEGREE-DAYS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BOOTSMA
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Accumulated growing degree-days above 5 °C (GDD) were used to estimate the average time of occurrence of maturity stages before first harvest in post seeding years for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), double cut red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in the Atlantic region of Canada. Maturity stages recommended for first cut were reached after an average accumulation of approximately 350, 400 and 450 GDD, depending upon the cultivar. Estimates of maturity dates based on the average air temperature (T) for May and June were highly correlated with annually observed dates of selected maturity stages [Formula: see text]. T was also used to estimate regional variation in maturity dates based on normals for the 1951–1980 period from 231 climate stations. Eight maturity zones (M1 to M8) were designated for the region. Estimated average dates when forage cultivars reach maturity stages recommended for first cut ranged from on or before 15 June–25 June in the Annapolis and Saint John River valleys to after mid-July in parts of Newfoundland.Key words: Medicago sativa L., Phleum pratense L., Trifolium pratense L., cutting date, temperature, zonation

Cross-Canada comparison of the productivity of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) with traditional herbage legumes

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch ◽  
B. E. Coulman ◽  
D. T. Fairey ◽  
T. Kunelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Galega Orientalis ◽  
Continental Climate

A study was conducted across Canada to compare the herbage productivity of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) to that of traditional forage legumes, in order to assess its agricultural potential. Trials were established at latitudes ranging from 45 to 56°N with longitudes from 52°W (St. John's, Newfoundland) to 120°W (Dawson Creek, British Columbia). Herbage productivity was monitored for a maximum of 3 production years. The establishment characteristics of Gale fodder galega were comparable to those of Apica and Beaver alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Altaswede red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and somewhat superior to those of Dawn Alsike clover (T. hybridum L.) and Leo trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Anik alfalfa (M. falcata L.) was far less uniform and vigorous in its establishment than any of the other species. The average annual dry matter yield of fodder galega ranked third among the seven legumes when averaged over the nine sites; it produced 5545 (SE 95) kg ha−1 compared to 3931 (SE 72) kg ha−1 for Dawn alsike clover, the lowest-yielding crop, and 6673 (SE 114) kg ha−1 for Apica alfalfa, the highest-yielding. The cumulative dry matter yields indicated that Gale galega is at least as well adapted across Canada as the other legumes, except possibly at Saskatoon where the M. sativa alfalfas were far superior to all the other legumes in their ability to establish and thrive. The performance characteristics of Gale fodder galega indicate that it has considerable agricultural potential as an additional, perennial, herbage legume for many regions of Canada, except in the semi-arid continental climate of the central Prairies where its growth may be limited by high air temperature and/or insufficient soil moisture. Key words: Fodder galega, Galega orientalis Lam., goat's rue, herbage production, forage legume

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