EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP ◽  
K. LIEVERS
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

Two experiments were conducted in sequence to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (AA) as a preservative of alfalfa hay stored as large round bales (LRB). In the the first experiment application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin. In the second experiment application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C. Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay. High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay. Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay. When the ammonia-treated hay was uncovered in spring, coarsely ground and stored in a hay wagon the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk, even when the ambient temperature was about 6 °C, whereas medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk as the ambient temperature increased to about 12 °C. Key words: Ammonia, alfalfa hay, digestibility, heat damage, high-moisture hay, large bales

Effects of ammoniation of brome-alfalfa and alfalfa hay, stored as large round bales on preservation and feed quality

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
J. A. Robertson ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
E. Z. Jan ◽  
D. H. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Respective Field ◽  
Large Round

Feeding trials with growing steers and digestibility trials with sheep were conducted during each of 3 yr in a split-split plot design, to compare the effects of anhydrous ammonia (2% wt wt−1, in plastic-covered stacks of large round bales) on preservation of brome-alfalfa and alfalfa hay harvested at < 20 and at 30% moisture with respective field cured (< 20% moisture) nonammoniated hays. Even after 14 wk of storage, the ammoniated high-moisture hays were free of visible molds. Dry matter (DM) recovery varied from 93.9 to 98.7% but was not affected by either moisture content or ammoniation. Ammoniation increased (P < 0.05) acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N) in high-moisture brome-alfalfa hay to 16.8 from 9.7% in nonammoniated hay. Within each type of hay, dry matter intake and average daily gain of growing steers were not affected by treatment. Feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) in animals fed ammoniated high-moisture brome-alfalfa (11.2) but was improved (P < 0.05) in those fed ammoniated high-moisture alfalfa (9.8) when compared with the respective field cured hay (10.1 and 11.4). Compared to nonammoniated hay, ammoniating high-moisture brome-alfalfa hay had no effect on digestibilities of DM and acid detergent fiber (ADF) but decreased and increased (P < 0.05) digestibility of nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), respectively. With alfalfa, ammoniation did not affect digestibilities of either low- or high-moisture hay. Rumen volatile fatty acid profiles were not influenced but rumen fluid pH was elevated in sheep fed ammoniated hays. Results indicate that anhydrous ammonia treatment effectively preserved high-moisture alfalfa without adversely affecting nutritional quality parameters. Key words: Ammonia, brome-alfalfa, alfalfa, cattle, sheep, digestibility

EFFECTS OF PRESERVING ALFALFA FORAGE AS FORMIC-ACID-TREATED SILAGE, WILTED SILAGE, AND AS HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS, DIGESTIBILITY AND HEIFER GROWTH

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Total N ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Study Performance

First-cut alfalfa was stored as formic-acid-treated silage (FS), wilted silage (WS) and hay (Hay 1) in large round bales (LRB). Hay 1 was exposed to frequent showers (15.1 mm) in the windrows and required a drying period of 13 days; dry matter (DM) yield was only 60% of the average for silages (3.9 tonnes/ha). Second-cut alfalfa hay (Hay 2) yielded 1.84 tonnes DM/ha. For winter feeding, recoveries from storage of FS, WS, Hay 1 and Hay 2, respectively, were 85.7, 87.2, 78.3 and 81.9% of energy; 81.1, 87.0, 75.0 and 72.6% of crude protein (CP). Adlibitum intakes of DM were 1.90, 1.93, 1.78 and 2.08% of body weight for the four treatments, respectively. Differences in chemical composition and digestibility of nutrients for FS, WS and Hay 2 were small and statistically not significant (P > 0.05). However, values of FS were highest for CP (20.6%) and gross energy (20.5 kJ/g DM); digestibilities of DM, energy and CP (i.e. 59.3, 60.6 and 68.7% respectively) when fed at maintenance level; digestibilities of DM, energy, CP, cellulose and hemicellulose (i.e. 64.1, 66.6, 61.9, 64.5 and 46.3%, respectively) when fed in combination with corn silage (1:1 DM basis) on an ad libitum basis. All these values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the corresponding values for Hay 1. Heat damage to CP of hay stored in LRB was high and 19.9% of total N of Hay 1 was in the acid detergent insoluble fraction. In a growth study, performance of yearling heifers did not differ significantly when rations made of corn silage and FS or WS (1:1 DM basis) were compared. Key words: Alfalfa silages, wilted, digestibility, formic acid, round bales, heifer growth

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROPIONIC ACID FOR PRESERVING ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Percent Moisture ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Very High

A propionic acid-based commercial mold inhibitor for high moisture hay was compared with an equivalent and a 10-fold higher concentration of propionic acid for preserving alfalfa hay in large round bales. When packaged, the percent moisture content (MC) of each of the five treatments was: CC1 (Control) 26.1, CT1 (commercial formulation equivalent to 0.03% propionic acid) 25.0, LPA1 (0.03% proprionic acid) 31.1, PA1 (0.3% propionic acid) 23.6 and PA0 (0.3% propionic acid) 17.8. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in MC among CC1, CT1 and PA1 treatments. The application of the commercial mold inhibitor (CT1 treatment) proved ineffective. This treatment, as compared to CC1 treatment, showed no significant (P > 0.05) effects on dry matter (DM) loss, cumulative degree-days (above 6 reference points from 35 to 65 °C), chemical composition, voluntary intake and digestibility of nutrients. Hay from PA1 treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in energy digestibility than that from the CC1 and CT1 treatments. Although the maximal temperature was higher for PA0 hay than for PA1 hay, the PA0 hay cooled down sooner. The PA0 treatment was lowest (P < 0.05) in the cumulative degree-days above 35 °C, crude protein (CP), NDF, cellulose, NDF-N and acid detergent insoluble N; and highest (P < 0.05) in hot-water-insoluble N, digestibilities of DM, CP and energy. Because of very high initial MC, the LPA1 hay deteriorated very markedly and its DM loss was about twice of that for CCI hay. Key words: Propionic acid, alfalfa hay, digestibility, temperature of hay, large round bales

scholarly journals Feeding Dairy Cows High Moisture Alfalfa Hay Preserved with Anhydrous Ammonia

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1212-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.P. Weiss ◽  
V.F. Colenbrander ◽  
V.L. Lechtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE HAY

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS ◽  
J. A. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Moisture Control ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia as a preservative for high-moisture hays. In the first experiment, alfalfa hay, containing approximately 35% moisture was baled, stacked, sealed in polyethylene and treated with 1 and 2% (wt/wt) anhydrous ammonia. The plastic was removed at either 4 or 21 days after ammoniation and the bales were sampled following 4 mo in storage. The effects of ammoniation on heating, spoilage, chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVDOM) relative to untreated high- and low-moisture control stacks were determined. In the second experiment, ammonia was injected at the same rates into stacks of baled bromegrass hay containing approximately 30% moisture. The treated stacks were sealed for periods of 1 and 4 mo. In addition to the parameters measured in the first experiment, the bromegrass hays were fed to wethers to measure voluntary intake and digestibility in vivo. Injection of 2% anhydrous ammonia was completely effective in preventing heating and mold growth in the legume and grass hays during both the treatment period and following removal of the polyethylene cover. The 1% ammonia treatment reduced but did not prevent heat damage and mold growth. Ammoniation increased the crude protein content of all treated hays, the 2% application rate being more effective than 1%. Retention of the added N varied from 26.5 to 72% depending on application rate and duration of the treatment period. Applying 2% anhydrous ammonia to alfalfa hay prevented the decrease in IVDOM which occurred during storage in all other treatments and limited the increases in the proportion of NDF and ADF relative to the changes in these components which occurred in the high moisture control and 1% ammoniation treatments. Ammoniation of bromegrass hay did not affect voluntary intake (P > 0.05). The treated hays were readily consumed by the wethers and no toxic or other deleterious effects were observed. Ammoniation of bromegrass hay increased in vivo digestibility of all components measured except protein. In general, the increases in digestibility were greater following application of 2% than 1% ammonia and for the 119 vs. the 29 day treatment period. Key words: Anhydrous ammonia, preservative, hay, sheep, digestibility

SEM of non-coated hepatocellular cytoskeleton of perfused livers

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
S.W. French ◽  
N.C. Benson ◽  
C. Davis-Scibienski
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Detergent Extraction ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Excised Tissue

Previous SEM studies of liver cytoskeletal elements have encountered technical difficulties such as variable metal coating and heat damage which occurs during metal deposition. The majority of studies involving evaluation of the cell cytoskeleton have been limited to cells which could be isolated, maintained in culture as a monolayer and thus easily extracted. Detergent extraction of excised tissue by immersion has often been unsatisfactory beyond the depth of several cells. These disadvantages have been avoided in the present study. Whole C3H mouse livers were perfused in situ with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a modified Jahn's buffer including protease inhibitors. Perfusion was continued for 1 to 2 hours at ambient temperature. The liver was then perfused with a 2% buffered gluteraldehyde solution. Liver samples including spontaneous tumors were then maintained in buffered gluteraldehyde for 2 hours. Samples were processed for SEM and TEM using the modified thicarbohydrazide procedure of Malich and Wilson, cryofractured, and critical point dried (CPD). Some samples were mechanically fractured after CPD.

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

Large Round Bale Alfalfa Hay Storage

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Huhnke
Keyword(s):  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

The Use of Nisin as a Preservative in Crumpets

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 874-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. JENSON ◽  
L. BAIRD ◽  
J. DELVES-BROUGHTON
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Crumpets, a high moisture flour based product, have been implicated in food poisoning due to growth and toxin production by naturally occurring Bacillus cereus during 5-day storage at ambient temperature. Bacillus cereus isolates from untreated crumpets at the end of their shelf-life were shown to be sensitive to nisin. Addition of nisin to the batter at levels of 3.75 μg/g and above effectively prevented the growth to levels capable of causing food poisoning. The fate of nisin during the production and shelf-life of the crumpet was determined.

PRESERVATION AND PROCESSING OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN WITH AMMONIA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Temperature Application ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

Whole high moisture shelled corn (28% moisture) was treated with varying levels of anhydrous ammonia and stored in plastic-lined drums for 60 days at room temperature. Application of 2% (dry matter basis) ammonia successfully eliminated growth of fungi while also reducing bacterial counts. Microbial counts increased only slightly after exposing the stored corn to air for 7 days. Nitrogen content of the corn increased with ammoniation up to the 2% treatment level. At this level, 35% of the nitrogen that was added as ammonia was retained following exposure to air. Only 56% of this nitrogen was solubilized by rumen fluid. However, pepsin solubilized at least all of the added nitrogen. Rate of starch degradation by Agidex (amyloglucosidase) decreased with increasing levels of ammonia. Similarly, incubation of ground corn in nylon bags placed in rumens of steers indicated slower rates of dry matter disappearance with the higher levels of anhydrous ammonia. Untreated whole corn was digested little even after 48 h incubation using the nylon bag technique. However, 80%) of the dry matter disappeared after 48 h incubation with whole corn processed with 2% ammonia.

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