ADHESION OF SEED TREATMENT FUNGICIDES TO SEEDS OF DIFFERENT CROPS

The maximum quantities of five seed treatment fungicides that adhered to seed of barley, buckwheat, crambe, flax, rape, sunflower, and wheat were determined and considered in relation to oil and moisture contents of seeds of the crops. Adhesion was related to the gross seed surface area per bushel, to fine surface features of the seed, and to the nature of the treatment material but not to number of seeds per bushel. Most adhesion was to rapeseed, which had a high gross surface area per bushel and a very rough surface. The fungicides, arranged in increasing order of adhesion to seeds, were Panogen Px, Vitaflo DB, Arasan 75, Manzate D, and Benlate T. Manzate D and Benlate T had much greater adhesion and smaller more friable particles than the other fungicides. Panogen Px depends for effectiveness on its volatility, thus less adhesion and larger aggregated particles are not factors limiting its use.

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Effect of the Surface Characteristics of Seed on Copper Precipitation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0681 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 26 (9-11) ◽

pp. 2141-2143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Wang ◽

P. R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Sludge Dewatering ◽

Seed Surface ◽

Copper Precipitation ◽

Precipitation System ◽

Sludge Properties ◽

Precipitation Ph ◽

Preliminary Study

Two types of seed with different surface area are used in a precipitation system to evaluate the effectiveness of seed surface characteristics on sludge dewatering properties. We expect that the surface area of the seed will stongly affect the sludge properties. The preliminary study shows that the seeded system has a lower precipitation pH and lower supersaturation level.

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The Reactivity of Different Active Forms of Sodium Carbonate with Respect to Sulfur Dioxide

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19922302 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 2302-2308

Author(s):

Karel Mocek ◽

Erich Lippert ◽

Emerich Erdös

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Sodium Carbonate ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Active Form ◽

The Other ◽

Kinetics Of

The kinetics of the reaction of solid sodium carbonate with sulfur dioxide depends on the microstructure of the solid, which in turn is affected by the way and conditions of its preparation. The active form, analogous to that obtained by thermal decomposition of NaHCO3, emerges from the dehydration of Na2CO3 . 10 H2O in a vacuum or its weathering in air at room temperature. The two active forms are porous and have approximately the same specific surface area. Partial hydration of the active Na2CO3 in air at room temperature followed by thermal dehydration does not bring about a significant decrease in reactivity. On the other hand, if the preparation of anhydrous Na2CO3 involves, partly or completely, the liquid phase, the reactivity of the product is substantially lower.

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Effect of seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in controlling black point disease of wheat

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3968 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 425-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

PK Malaker ◽

IH Mian

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Key Words ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

The Other ◽

Gross Margin ◽

Black Point ◽

Wheat Seeds

The efficacy of seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in controlling black point incidence of wheat seeds was evaluated in the field. Two seed treating fungicides, namely Vitavax-200 and Homai-80WP were used @ 0.25% of dry seed weight and foliar spray with Tilt-250EC (0.05%) was applied in six different schedules. Untreated and unsprayed controls were also maintained. Seed treatment with either Vitavax-200 or Homai-80WP significantly increased plant population and grain yield, but none of them was found effective in reducing black point incidence. On the other hand, foliar sprays with Tilt-250EC under all the spray schedules except spraying at 70 and 90 DAS significantly minimized the disease severity over unsprayed control. Among the different spray schedules, spraying at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 DAS appeared to be most effective, which was similar to spraying at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS in reducing black point incidence and increasing grain yield. Economic analysis on yield advantage showed that the highest additional gross margin of Tk. 6120/ha with BCR 2.57 was obtained from five sprays applied at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS. Key Words: Seed treatment, foliar spray, black point, wheat. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3968 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 425-434, September 2009

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Early seedling development in relation to seed mass and morph in Cakile edentula

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b94-053 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 402-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jianhua Zhang

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Seed Mass ◽

Long Distance ◽

Seed Surface ◽

Large Seed ◽

Cakile Edentula ◽

Early Seedling ◽

Seed Reserves ◽

Early Seedling Development ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Cakile edentula produces dimorphic seeds from the upper and lower fruit segments. The upper seeds are well adapted to long-distance dispersal and have greater mean seed mass and surface area than those from the lower seeds. Great mean mass of the upper seeds is probably adaptive because it ensured early independent growth of seedlings and thus enhanced their chances of surviving environmental stresses. Large seed reserves also resulted in high chlorophyll content of the cotyledons. Large seed surface area resulted in large cotyledon area and cotyledon area to biomass ratio of the subsequent seedlings, but the adaptive advantage is not clear. Since increased seed surface area necessitates great protective tissues (fruit coat) that may improve the buoyant ability of seeds, large seed surface area of the upper seeds may be a result of selection for dispersal. Key words: seed mass, seed dimorphism, establishment, sand dune, selection, Cakile edentula.

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The maximum surface area polyhedron with five vertices inscribed in the sphere {\bb S}^{2}

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances ◽

10.1107/s2053273320015089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74

Author(s):

Jessica Donahue ◽

Steven Hoehner ◽

Ben Li

Keyword(s):

Convex Hull ◽

Surface Area ◽

Coordination Polyhedron ◽

Unit Sphere ◽

The Other ◽

Optimal Placement ◽

The North ◽

Trigonal Bipyramidal ◽

Bipyramidal Structure ◽

North And South

This article focuses on the problem of analytically determining the optimal placement of five points on the unit sphere {\bb S}^{2} so that the surface area of the convex hull of the points is maximized. It is shown that the optimal polyhedron has a trigonal bipyramidal structure with two vertices placed at the north and south poles and the other three vertices forming an equilateral triangle inscribed in the equator. This result confirms a conjecture of Akkiraju, who conducted a numerical search for the maximizer. As an application to crystallography, the surface area discrepancy is considered as a measure of distortion between an observed coordination polyhedron and an ideal one. The main result yields a formula for the surface area discrepancy of any coordination polyhedron with five vertices.

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Contribution of Composition, Physicochemical Characteristics and Polyphosphates to the Microbial Safety of Pasteurized Cheese Spreads

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-57.4.295 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 295-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

KARL F. ECKNER ◽

WENDY A. DUSTMAN ◽

ANNA A. RYŚ-RODRIGUEZ

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

The Other ◽

Microbial Safety ◽

Processed Cheese ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Glass Containers ◽

Different Types ◽

Process Cheese

Pasteurized process cheese spread was manufactured with moisture contents of 52, 54, 56 and 60%. Three different types of phosphate emulsifier were used, disodium ortho-phosphate and two commercially-available polyphosphates, S9 and S9H. Pasteurized, processed cheese spreads were inoculated with approximately 1 × 104 Clostridium botulinum spores/gram cheese in the cook kettle, held 3 min at 80°C, hot-filled into glass containers, and incubated at 30°C. Samples were analyzed over 30 weeks for growth of C. botulinum and toxigenesis. Toxin was first detected in 60% moisture cheese with disodium ortho-phosphate as the emulsifier at 8 weeks and in 60% moisture cheese with the test polyphosphates as the emulsifier when tested at 20 weeks. None of the other cheese formulations were toxic at 20 weeks. Toxin production correlated statistically to time, moisture, pH and phosphate type.

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Splanchnic hemodynamic response to passive hyperventilation

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1975.38.1.156 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 156-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

E. E. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Vascular Resistance ◽

Venous Pressure ◽

Respiratory Alkalosis ◽

The Other ◽

Capillary Surface ◽

O2 Uptake ◽

O2 Extraction ◽

Concomitant Reduction ◽

Mesenteric Vascular Resistance

Two groups of anesthetized, splenectomized, and paralyzed dogs were hyperventilated (Vt 40 ml/kg). Normocapnia was maintained in one group (mean Paco2 37.6 mm”h′g, mean p”h ′7.41) and respiratory alkalosis (mean Paco2 8 mmHg, mean pH 7.75) in the other. Splanchnic hemodynamic responses were similar in both groups. Average hepatic venous pressure increased from 3.2 to 6.4 mmHg in the normocapnic group and from 3.8 to 7.7 mmHg in the hypocapnic group. Average portal venous pressure increased from 10.7 to 12.0 mmHg and 10.8 to 12.7 mmHg in the normocapnic and hypocapnic groups, respectively. Mesenteric vascular resistance increased in 93 per cent of dogs. A decrease in functional intestinal capillary surface area during hyperventilation was indicated by a significant reduction in mesenteric Vo2 (from 15 to 11 ml/min, average 30 per cent), and a concomitant reduction in mesenteric O2 extraction ratio. Changes in mesenteric Vo2 were reflected in calculated splanchinic Vo2. Hepatic O2 uptake was essentially unchanged by tidal hyperventilation with or without hypocapnia.

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Direct molecular hydrogen sulphide scrubbing with hollow fibre membranes

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0525 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 44 (9) ◽

pp. 135-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. Boucil ◽

B. Jefferson ◽

S.A. Parsons ◽

S.J. Judd ◽

R.M. Stuetz

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Hollow Fibre ◽

The Other ◽

Gas Flow Rate

The emission of hydrogen sulphide is a major problem associated with anaerobic treatment of sulphate and sulphite containing wastewaters. Conventional absorbing processes, such as packed towers, spray towers or bubble columns, are all constrained by factors such as flooding and foaming. Membrane systems, on the other hand, enable independent control of the liquid and gas flow rate and a step change order of magnitude increase in the specific surface area of the contact process. The membrane acts as a gas absorber with a design similar to a shell and tube heat exchanger. On the other hand, they are limited by facets of the membrane such as its resistance to mass transfer and permselectivity, as well as its cost. The work presented in this paper refers to an absorption process based on a non-wetted hollow fibre membrane for the scrubbing of hydrogen sulphide from air, with water as the contact solvent. Results presented describe the performance of the unit in terms of overall transfer and outlet liquid concentration as a function of circulation regime, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and specific surface area. In particular, results are presented using traditional plots of Sherwood number (Sh) against Graetz (Gr) number for the liquid flowing in the lumens, such that experimental and available empirical descriptions of the process performance are directly compared. Results suggest that, as expected, very efficient mass transfer is obtained. However, the mass transfer was found to reach a maximum value against Gr, contrary to available empirical models.

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Effect of change in particle number on pulmonary clearance of aerosolized 99mTc-DTPA

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2750 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 2750-2755 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. Groth ◽

J. Mortensen ◽

P. Lange ◽

S. Vest ◽

N. Rossing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Absorption Rate ◽

Particle Number ◽

The Other ◽

Inhaled Particles ◽

Diffusion Limited ◽

Alveolar Surface Area ◽

Pulmonary Clearance ◽

Jet Nebulizers ◽

Alveolar Surface

Pulmonary clearance (PCl) of inhaled aerosolized 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) across the alveolocapillary membrane is diffusion limited. Therefore, if the mixing of the 99mTc-DTPA in the aqueous hypophase underlying surfactant is slow or incomplete or if there were no hypophase, an increase in the alveolar surface area occupied by 99mTc-DTPA particles would increase the absorption rate. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is an effect on PCl of changing the number of inhaled particles. The change in particle number was accomplished by a setup of four parallel jet nebulizers feeding a central delivery chamber of 400 cm3. We performed two kinds of experiments in eight healthy nonsmokers between 28 and 52 yr of age. In the first experiment, 99mTc-DTPA in saline was nebulized in one nebulizer, while saline was nebulized in the other three. In the second experiment the number of inhaled particles containing 99mTc-DTPA was increased by a factor of four by nebulizing 99mTc-DTPA in saline in all four nebulizers simultaneously. Increasing the number of inhaled 99mTc-DTPA particles caused an increase in PCl of 24.2% (P less than 0.01). We conclude that there is a slight but significant effect of changing the number of DTPA particles on PCl and that this is probably due to an uneven mixing of the 99mTc-DTPA in the aqueous hypophase underlying the surfactant lining and the alveoli.

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