EFFECTS OF THE CONTINUOUS USE OF 2,4-D AND MCPA ON SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION AND WEED POPULATIONS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. McCURDY ◽  
E. S. MOLBERG
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Summer Fallow

An experiment was conducted to determine whether annual applications of herbicides have any harmful residual effects on the growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Amine and ester formulations of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were applied to plots on Indian Head clay soil each year from 1947 to 1972. On other plots in the same experiment, the sodium salt of 2,4-D was applied each year from 1947 to 1952, followed by amine or ester formulations of [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid (MCPA) from 1953 to 1972. Two rates of application were used, a low rate suitable for controlling susceptible annual weeds and a high rate suitable for controlling perennial weeds. Check plots receiving no herbicide were arranged to be adjacent to each treated plot. A 3-yr rotation of wheat, wheat, summer fallow was followed. The effects of the herbicides on grain yields and weed growth were observed. Some reductions in grain yields were caused by the high rates of ester formulations but there was no evidence of any buildup of herbicides or harmful residual effects from the treatments. The herbicides did not eradicate any of the weeds but drastically reduced the numbers emerging in the crops and on the summer fallow.

The Effect of Frost on the Response of Spring Wheat to 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Bradbury ◽  
R. Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Great Risk ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The possibility of an interaction between (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and frost-injured plants of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Manitou) was investigated. Application of 2,4-D was made either a few hours prior to the frost or at varying periods following the frost. Although there was no statistical evidence of any interaction between the frost and 2,4-D, yields of grain tended to be lowest when plants were exposed to both frost and herbicide. On the basis of results obtained, it was concluded that there is no great risk of severe damage occurring to frost-damaged spring wheat plants if they are treated with 2,4-D within a short period of being exposed to frost.

Control of Wild Cane in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The most effective and dependable method of controlling wild cane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in corn (Zea mays L.) was with a combination of cultivation plus herbicides. Timely cultivations were equally or more effective than preplant herbicides in controlling wild cane, but neither method was adequate by itself. The best herbicide in this study for the control of wild cane in corn was S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) alone or in combination with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). Residual effects of simazine at 4 lb/A in the soil reduced the yield of the following oats (Avena sativa L.) crop 1 out of 3 years.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF MANITOU AND PITIC WHEATS GROWN UNDER IRRIGATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DUBETZ
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
High Protein Content ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Yield Responses

In experiments with two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) conducted under irrigation at two locations for 2 years, average grain yields of Pitic 62 were 30% higher than those of Manitou but protein content was 20% lower. Pitic produced 3% more total protein than Manitou. Yield responses to N fertilizer ranged from nil to 2139 kg/ha for Manitou and from 941 to 2778 kg/ha for Pitic. The maximum rate of application of N from which a yield response was obtained by Manitou was 110 kg/ha and by Pitic was 165 kg/ha. In 1 year at one location the protein content of Pitic was lower from the first N increment and that of Manitou from the first two increments than those of wheats from plots that received no N. The maximum rate of N from which protein increases were obtained was 220 kg/ha for both cultivars. It is possible to grow wheat with high protein content on irrigated land.

CONTROL OF WILD OATS IN WHEAT WITH BENZOYLPROP-ETHYL

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. P. CHOW ◽  
R. D. DRYDEN
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Benzoylprop-ethyl (ethyl-N-benzoyl-N (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-amino-propionate) at 1.1 to 5.5 kg/ha gave good control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) resulting in significantly higher yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Manitou and Neepawa). Late herbicide application (4-leaf growth stage of wild oats) provided better wild oat control and slightly better wheat yields than early application (1.5-leaf stage) in 1969 but not in 1970. Of the three herbicide formulations evaluated, the FX 2182 liquid formulation gave slightly higher wheat yields. Benzoylprop-ethyl at 1.4 kg/ha in mixture with TCA (sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid) at 0.56 kg/ha was less effective in controlling wild oats than benzoylprop-ethyl alone, but wheat yields were unaffected. However, addition of the amine salt of 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid) or MCPA ([(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] acetic acid) at 0.56 kg/ha to benzoylprop-ethyl/TCA mixtures significantly reduced the efficiency of benzoylprop-ethyl for wild oat control and reduced wheat tolerance resulting in lower yields.

MH as a Roadside Grass Retardant

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Foote ◽  
B. F. Himmelman
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Proper Timing ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

MH (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) was applied at 4 to 6 lb/A, in spring and fall, with and without (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), on roadsides normally mowed from 2 to 12 times a year. MH at 6 lb/A applied in spring generally reduced grass height. Lower rates and fall applications were generally ineffective. Depending on area, rural or urban, and retardant effectiveness, between zero and five mowings per year were saved. When the MH was effective and the turf was not strong and vigorous, annual weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria spp. Heist.), foxtail (Setaria spp. Beauv.), and ragweed (Ambrosia spp. L.) often increased and gave the roadside an undesirable appearance. When MH was used without 2,4-D, the roadside generally had a poorer appearance than when not treated. When MH was applied with 2,4-D and no application ‘'skips” or annual weed infestation occurred, the roadside sometimes had a satisfactory appearance. The time when MH can be effectively applied is short (about 2 weeks). Rains, winds, and springtime roadway work make proper timing of applications difficult under Minnesota conditions. Applications of 2,4-D alone or with MH were effective in reducing roadside weeds.

Phenoxy Acid Herbicides for Barnyardgrass Control in Transplanted Rice

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. De Datta ◽  
R. Q. Lacsina ◽  
D. E. Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Japonica Variety ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Phenoxy Acid Herbicides ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Acid Herbicides ◽  
Derivatives Of

In experiments conducted at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, all commonly marketed formulations and derivatives of either [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid (MCPA) or (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4,D) performed in about the same way and were equally safe for use in controlling barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] and other annual weeds in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). Eleven-day-old rice seedlings were more susceptible to amine salts of 2,4-D or MCPA than 21-day-old seedlings. Granular formulations of some chemicals were relatively less toxic than liquid formulations. The toxic effect of spraying the potassium salt of MCPA was less prolonged on the indica variety, IR22, than it was on the japonica variety, Chianung 242, which had delayed flowering and maturity.

Long-term spring wheat response to summerfallow frequency and organic amendment in southern Alberta

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
H. H. Janzen ◽  
E. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Available N ◽  
Grain Yields

A long-term rotation experiment was established in 1951 to determine the influence of summerfallow frequency and organic amendment on the yield and quality of unfertilized spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a Dark Brown Chernozem (Typic Haploboroll) at Lethbridge, Alberta. Wheat was grown either continuously (W), in a 2-yr summerfallow-wheat rotation (FW), or in a 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotation (FWW). No fertilizer N was applied and P, at 22 kg ha−1, was applied to all wheat crops starting in 1985. The 3-yr rotation was also amended with livestock manure (FmWW) and modified to include a hay mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) (FWWHHH). Annual grain production was affected by summerfallow frequency and organic amendment, with the lowest grain production obtained in the FW rotation. Amendment with livestock manure resulted in the highest grain yields for wheat grown on summerfallow, while 3 yr of hay in the rotation produced the highest stubble wheat yields. These higher grain yields were accompanied by a 12–31% increase in grain N uptake. Decomposing hay roots increased plant-available N as reflected in the highest grain N concentration and grain N yield in the FWWHHH rotation. Evaluation of grain yields under a range of moisture deficit conditions revealed that a year of summerfallow was often insufficient to recharge soil water depleted by 3 yr of hay in the FWWHHH rotation. Both summerfallow and stubble wheat yields were positively influenced by May rainfall. Overwinter precipitation contributed significantly to the variability observed in stubble wheat and hay yields. In the absence of fertilizer N additions, organic amendments such as animal manures and hay residues are effective means of increasing crop productivity and grain quality in semiarid regions. Key words: Hay, manure, rotation, spring wheat, summerfallow, Triticum aestivum L.

Herbicide Evaluations for No-Till Soybean (Glycine max) Production in Corn (Zea mays) Residue

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Moomaw ◽  
Alex R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Weed control in no-till soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Wells’] planted into shredded corn (Zea maysL.) residue was evaluated at Concord, NE, over a 3-yr period. Herbicide factors evaluated were time of herbicide application for no-till soybeans, efficacy of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] relative to paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) for control of emerged weeds, and the efficacy of alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] for residual weed control. Combination residual and contact herbicide treatments were applied either as a preplant surface application or preemergence after no-till-planted soybeans. Removal of existing weed growth was not consistently better with the preplant surface application compared to later removal after soybean planting. Paraquat and glyphosate gave nearly equal control of emerged weeds. Addition of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] with paraquat in the tank mix did not improve weed control. Use of narrow, ripple coulters on the no-till planter resulted in minimal disturbance of the preplant surface herbicide so that additional preemergence herbicide at planting was seldom beneficial.

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