The Effect of Frost on the Response of Spring Wheat to 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Bradbury ◽  
R. Ashford
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Great Risk ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The possibility of an interaction between (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and frost-injured plants of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Manitou) was investigated. Application of 2,4-D was made either a few hours prior to the frost or at varying periods following the frost. Although there was no statistical evidence of any interaction between the frost and 2,4-D, yields of grain tended to be lowest when plants were exposed to both frost and herbicide. On the basis of results obtained, it was concluded that there is no great risk of severe damage occurring to frost-damaged spring wheat plants if they are treated with 2,4-D within a short period of being exposed to frost.

Effects of Auxin-Like Herbicides on Nucleohistones in Cucumber and Wheat Roots

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Chen ◽  
A. Ali ◽  
R. A. Fletcher ◽  
C. M. Switzer ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Dna Template

Roots of susceptible cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Chicago pickling’) and tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Manitou’) seedlings were treated with 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) or (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) for either 10 or 46 hr. The roots were excised and nucleohistones were isolated and fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In untreated cucumber roots there were four major nucleohistone fractions. Two of these fractions decreased or were not detectable 10 or 46 hr after treatment with dicamba or 2,4-D. In wheat, the nucleohistone fractions of the treated roots were similar to those of the controls. This suggests that in cucumber more of the DNA template is available for transcription. This suggestion was supported by the fact that the incorporation of14C-adenine into RNA in cucumber roots 10 hr after treatment with dicamba was increased by 50%, whereas in wheat there was no difference. Furthermore, the incorporation of14C-leucine into protein in cucumber roots 10 hr after treatment with dicamba was inhibited by 70%, indicating that the increased RNA produced was incapable of translating for protein synthesis. It is proposed that selective phytotoxicity of auxin-like herbicides is based on a differential alteration of RNA species and interference with protein synthesis.

Breakdown and Movement of 2,4-D in the Soil Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilson ◽  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The fate of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in the soil under winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Nugaines’) and fallow cropping schemes was studied under the field conditions of eastern Washington in 1973 and 1974 using formulated dimethylamine salt and isooctyl ester of 2,4-D. Soil samples taken 1 hour after herbicide application showed that amine-treated plots retained considerably more applied 2,4-D than ester-treated plots. The rapidity of 2,4-D breakdown decreased gradually with time, and at the end of 6 months, an average of 0.04 ppm of 2,4-D remained in the sampled soil profile regardless of formulation, application rate, or cropping scheme. Loss of 2,4-D from the soil surface in runoff occurred when the plots were irrigated heavily one day after the herbicide application. The herbicide was also leached into the soil profile by both irrigation and natural precipitation. Herbicide concentrations in the sampled portion of the upper soil profile decreased during the summer and then increased slightly in the fall.

Honeyvine Milkweed (Ampelamus albidus) Response to Foliar Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren J. Moshier ◽  
Oliver G. Russ ◽  
Joseph P. O'Connor ◽  
Mark M. Claassen
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Methoxybenzoic Acid

A 3-yr experiment and a 1-yr experiment in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Newton’) and two 3-yr experiments in continuous grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolorL. (Moench.) ‘Co-op SG-10’ or ‘DeKalb DX-42Y’] were conducted to evaluate selected foliage-applied herbicides for control of honeyvine milkweed [Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt # AMPAL]. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] applied at 3.4 kg ae/ha, glyphosate plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) applied at 1.7 plus 0.6 kg ae/ha, and glyphosate plus 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied at 1.7 plus 1.1 kg ae/ha in summer between harvesting and planting winter wheat and in spring prior to planting grain sorghum effectively reduced honeyvine milkweed regrowth 1 yr after initial application in both cropping systems. One or two additional annual applications did not provide complete control in either cropping system. Applications of 2,4-D at 2.2 kg ae/ha dicamba at 1.1 kg ae/ha and 2,4-D plus dicamba at 1.1 plus 0.6 kg ae/ha were effective if applied consecutively for 3 yr in continuous winter wheat but not in continuous grain sorghum.

EFFECTS OF THE CONTINUOUS USE OF 2,4-D AND MCPA ON SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION AND WEED POPULATIONS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. McCURDY ◽  
E. S. MOLBERG
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Summer Fallow

An experiment was conducted to determine whether annual applications of herbicides have any harmful residual effects on the growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Amine and ester formulations of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were applied to plots on Indian Head clay soil each year from 1947 to 1972. On other plots in the same experiment, the sodium salt of 2,4-D was applied each year from 1947 to 1952, followed by amine or ester formulations of [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid (MCPA) from 1953 to 1972. Two rates of application were used, a low rate suitable for controlling susceptible annual weeds and a high rate suitable for controlling perennial weeds. Check plots receiving no herbicide were arranged to be adjacent to each treated plot. A 3-yr rotation of wheat, wheat, summer fallow was followed. The effects of the herbicides on grain yields and weed growth were observed. Some reductions in grain yields were caused by the high rates of ester formulations but there was no evidence of any buildup of herbicides or harmful residual effects from the treatments. The herbicides did not eradicate any of the weeds but drastically reduced the numbers emerging in the crops and on the summer fallow.

Reaction of Wheat to Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Kernel Yield

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Selkirk) was most susceptible at the late tiller stage to 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) as determined from weekly applications in the field and the degree of injury increased with rate of picloram. Wheat injury from picloram was manifested by lower kernel yield, greater protein content in the kernels, and reduction in plant height. A reduction in the length of the stem occurred while the length of the flag leaf sheath was not affected. Picloram increased kernel size in 1966 but reduced it in 1965. Picloram did not influence germination of kernels from treated plants. The addition of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) to picloram tended to increase wheat injury at the 2 to 4-leaf stage.

Amine Salts of Growth Regulator Herbicides Antagonize Paraquat

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
P. Ashley O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Amine formulations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} caused a reduction in paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) phytotoxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgareL. 'Summit′), wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa′), and wild oats (Avena fatuaL.). Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) reduced paraquat activity in barley only. Paraquat phytotoxicity was antagonized more by 2,4-D amine at high than at low rates. Higher rates of paraquat relative to a fixed rate of 2,4-D amine overcame the antagonism. Paraquat phytotoxicity was not antagonized by 2,4-D or MCPA amine applied as a separate treatment. The technical components of the 2,4-D- or MCPA-amine formulations were solely responsible for the antagonism. Ester formulations did not affect paraquat phytotoxicity.

Wheat Tolerance to TCA for Green Foxtail Control

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. P. Chow ◽  
R. D. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seven cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and one hybrid (Triticale hexaploid Lart. ‘Rosner’) were evaluated in seven field experiments and one greenhouse test for tolerance to the postemergence application of the sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for the control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). The control of green foxtail and broadleaf weeds was also studied. Of the seven cultivars, ‘Pitic 62’ and ‘Stewart’ were most susceptible to injury from TCA. All other cultivars were tolerant to 0.56 kg/ha. ‘Selkirk’ appeared to be most resistant. With ‘Manitou’ 0.56 kg/ha of TCA gave about 50% control of green foxtail. Higher rates permitted increased growth of broadleaf weeds as a result of reduced competition from injured wheat and green foxtail. Control of all weeds was improved by 10 to 30% when TCA was applied with one of the phenoxy herbicides. Satisfactory crop tolerance and good weed control was achieved with 0.56 kg/ha TCA and 0.56 kg/ha of the amine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D).

Competition of Blue Mustard with Winter Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Gaines) plots infested with seedling blue mustard (Chorispora tenella (Willd.) DC) were hand-weeded or treated in the fall with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) at 1 lb/A and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) at ⅜ lb/A. Additional wheat plots were established in the fall with populations of one, three, and nine blue mustard seedlings per square foot, and the next spring these were either untreated, hand-weeded, or treated with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 1 lb/A. All plots were harvested in July. Maximum wheat yields were obtained from plots hand-weeded or treated in the fall. Wheat production decreased significantly as weed population increased. Grain yield reduction, resulting from weed competition during the winter months, was significant and accounted for more than 50% of the total loss.

Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail A. Wicks ◽  
Paul T. Nordquist ◽  
John W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Twenty-five winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars were sprayed with herbicides when in the tillering stage in April at North Platte, NE. In 1978, ‘Lindon’ and ‘Vona’ stands were reduced and grain yields of ‘Larned′, Lindon, ‘Roughrider′, 'Sage′, 'Scout 66′, 'Sentinel′, ‘Turkey′, and Vona cultivars were reduced by metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] plus pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] at 0.3 plus 2.8 kg ai/ha. There were no differences among cultivars in response to herbicides in 1979, 1981, and 1982. During 1980, wheat was more tolerant to a mixture of pendimethalin and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] than metribuzin plus pendimethalin. In 1981 and 1982, combinations of 2,4-D with pendimethalin or metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] did not reduce wheat yields. The mixture of pendimethalin plus 2,4-D performed satisfactorily in 4 yr of use.

Early Application of Herbicides for No-Till Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Stubble

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail A. Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Early Application ◽  
No Till ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Research on the timing of herbicide application on no-till sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] planted into undisturbed winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) stubble was conducted at North Platte, NE, during 1980–1982. Applying some herbicides 41 and 25 days prior to planting sorghum maintained weed control, reduced sorghum injury, and increased sorghum yields when compared to application at planting. It was necessary to apply cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} at 2.7 kg ai/ha 41 days prior to planting to avoid sorghum injury. Metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] + 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 2.2 + 0.3 kg/ha reduced grass yields 97, 98, and 99%, while reduction with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] + 2,4-D at 2.8 + 0.3 kg/ha was 93, 41, and 63%, respectively, when herbicides were applied 0, 25, and 41 days prior to planting.

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