Soybean nodulation and grain yield as influenced by N-fertilizer rate, plant population density and cultivar in southern Quebec

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqi Chen ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
M. A. Fanous
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Nodulation ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Optimum soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) production requires information on the interaction between cultivars, population densities and fertilizer nutrients as related to climate and region. Consequently, field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of N-fertilizer rate, plant population and cultivar on soybean nodulation and grain yield on two soils in southern Quebec. N-fertilizer application consistently depressed soybean nodulation, but it improved soybean growth where initial soil inorganic-N levels were low. High plant population densities had little effect on individual plant nodulation, but they increased fresh nodule mass per unit area. Grain yields were increased with high plant population densities. The two cultivars tested, Apache and Maple Arrow, generally produced similar grain yields on the Ste. Rosalie soil, where yields were low due to moisture stress or low initial inorganic-N levels. On the more productive Ormstown soil, Apache produced higher grain yields than Maple Arrow.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., N fertilization, plant population, nodulation, grain yield

scholarly journals Extreme Weather Events Affect Agronomic Practices and Their Environmental Impact in Maize Cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7352
Author(s):  
Monika Marković ◽  
Jasna Šoštarić ◽  
Marko Josipović ◽  
Atilgan Atilgan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
N Level ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Sustainable and profitable crop production has become a challenge due to frequent weather extremes, where unstable crop yields are often followed by the negative impacts of agronomic practices on the environment, i.e., nitrate leaching in irrigated and nitrogen (N)-fertilized crop production. To study this issue, a three-year field study was conducted during quite different growing seasons in terms of weather conditions, i.e., extremely wet, extremely dry, and average years. Over three consecutive years, the irrigation and N fertilizers rates were tested for their effect on grain yield and composition, i.e., protein, starch, and oil content of the maize hybrids; soil N level (%); and nitrate leaching. The results showed that the impact of the tested factors and their significance was year- or weather-condition-dependent. The grain yield result stood out during the extremely wet year, where the irrigation rate reduced the grain yield by 7.6% due to the stress caused by the excessive amount of water. In the remainder of the study, the irrigation rate expectedly increased the grain yield by 13.9% (a2) and 20.8% (a3) in the extremely dry year and 22.7% (a2) and 39.5% (a3) during the average year. Regardless of the weather conditions, the N fertilizer rate increased the grain yield and protein content. The soil N level showed a typical pattern, where the maximum levels were at the beginning of the study period and were higher as the N fertilizer rate was increased. Significant variations in the soil N level were found between weather conditions (r = −0.719) and N fertilizer rate (r = 0.401). Nitrate leaching losses were expectedly found for irrigation and N fertilizer treatments with the highest rates (a3b3 = 79.8 mg NO3− L).

scholarly journals Plant Population and Nitrogen Fertilization for Subsurface Drip-irrigated Onion

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1722-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Erik B. G. Feibert ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Onion (Allium cepa L.) production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho has been based on furrow irrigation with 318 kg·ha-1 N fertilizer and average yields of 70 Mg·ha-1, but these practices have been implicated in nitrate contamination of groundwater. Drip irrigation, introduced in the early 1990s, has several advantages, including reduced leaching losses. Since onion plant populations and N fertilizer rates can affect economic returns, studies were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to determine optimum plant populations and N fertilizer rates for subsurface drip-irrigated onion. Long-day onion (`Vision') was subjected to a combination of seven nitrogen fertilization rates (0 to 336 kg·ha-1 in 56-kg increments applied between late May and early July) and four plant populations (185, 250, 300, and 370 thousand plants/ha). Onion was grown on silt loam in two double rows spaced 0.56 m apart on 1.1 m beds with a drip tape buried 13 cm deep in the bed center. Soil water potential was maintained nearly constant at -20 kPa by automated irrigations based on soil water potential measurements at a 0.2-m depth. Onion bulbs were evaluated for yield and grade after 70 days of storage. Onion yield and grade were highly responsive to plant population. Onion marketable yield increased, and bulb diameter decreased with increasing plant population. Within the range of plant populations tested, gross returns were not always responsive to plant population. Returns were increased by the increase in marketable yield obtained with higher plant population, but higher plant population also reduced the production of the largest sized bulbs which had the highest value per weight. Onion yielded 95 Mg·ha-1 with no applied N fertilizer, averaged over plant populations and years. Onion yield and grade were not responsive to N fertilizer rate or interaction of N fertilizer rate with plant population. Preplant soil available N, N mineralization, and N in irrigation water all contributed N to the crop. Onion N uptake did not increase with increasing N fertilizer rate.

Agronomic practices to reduce leaf spotting and Fusarium kernel infections in durum wheat on the Canadian prairies

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. May ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
G. P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

May, W. E., Fernandez, M. R., Selles, F. and Lafond G. P. 2014. Agronomic practices to reduce leaf spotting and Fusarium kernel infections in durum wheat on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 141–152. Fusarium head blight (FHB) has become an important disease of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn] in the humid and sub-humid regions of the prairies along with leaf spots, black point and red smudge. Together, they contribute to lower grain yields and grain quality. The study objective was to determine the effect of seeding rate, nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate, fungicidal treatment, and cultivar on disease severity, crop development, grain yield and quality in durum. A four-way factorial design was used with two seeding rates (150 and 300 viable seeds m−2), two N rates (75 and 100% of recommended rate), three cultivars (AC Avonlea, AC Morse and AC Navigator), four fungicide treatments (no application, propiconazole at flag leaf, tebuconazole at anthesis, and propiconazole at flag leaf followed by tebuconazole at anthesis) and three locations (two in Saskatchewan and one in Manitoba) from 2001 to 2003. There were no interactions among fungicide, seeding rate, N fertilizer and cultivar for all measured variables. Foliar fungicide treatments resulted in greater kernel weight, grain yield and test weight than the no-fungicide treatment. The application of tebuconazole at anthesis did not reduce the amount of FDK in the harvested grain. The application of a fungicide increased the percentage of kernels infected by black point from 0.38% to over 0.50% and red smudge from 0.54 to 0.61%. Two fungicide applications increased red smudge to 0.85%. Grain yield increased by 2.4% when the seeding rate was increased from 150 to 300 plants m−2. Increasing N fertilizer rate increased grain yield by 5.2%, protein concentration by 5.4% and hard vitreous kernels (HVK) by 2.6%, but decreased test weight by 0.5%. Cultivar selection had the largest effect on FDK. In conclusion, effects of a fungicide application on durum wheat did not interact with selection of seeding rates, cultivars or N rates used in this study.

scholarly journals Effects of Fallowing and Nitrogen Application on Striga Infestation, Soil Fertility and Maize Performance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. S. Bassey ◽  
M. K. A. Adeboye ◽  
M. G. M. Kolo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Natural Fallow ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Striga possesses an ominous obstacle to the African continent that is struggling with food security as it affects the livelihood of more than 300 million people. The control of Striga has proved exceptionally difficult. Two fallows, namely natural fallow (NF) and A. histrix fallow (AF) were maintained in 2012, such that the field was divided into two parts and each part was further divided into three replicates. Each part was separated from one another by a strip of 2 m width and the fallow factor was randomly assigned to each part which constituted the main plot. In 2013, the inorganic N fertilizer levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1) were applied to the fallow plots and assigned to the sub-plot. These treatments were laid out in a split plot arrangement fitted to a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The two fallows significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Striga infestation similar to application of N at 60 – 120 kg N ha-1. The two fallows significantly (P< 0.05) increased SOC. Only natural fallow significantly (P<0.05) increased the STN by 36 %. Maize grain yield after natural fallow (1527 kg ha-1) was not significantly (P>0.05) different from that after A. histrix (1943 kg ha-1). Inorganic N application had highly significant (P<0.05) effect on grain yield. Lowest grain yield of 1253 kg ha-1 was obtained without inorganic N application, which was significantly different from those fertilized with inorganic N. Inorganic N fertilizer rate of 60 kg ha-1 seems to be optimum for maize. The Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value of A. histrix was low, 13 kg N ha-1. The effect of both fallows on grain yield was due mainly to increased SOC content.

scholarly journals Corralling, planting density, and N fertilizer rate effect on soil properties, weed diversity, and maize yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Abdul Rahman ◽  
Asamoah Larbi ◽  
Andrews Opoku ◽  
Francis Marthy Tetteh ◽  
Irmgard Hoeschle-Zeledon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Rate Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Grain Yield Gains and Associated Traits in Tropical X Temperate Maize Germplasm Under High and Low Plant Density

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince Ndou ◽  
Edmore Gasura ◽  
Pauline Chivenge ◽  
John Derera
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Genetic Gains ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plant Population Density

Abstract Development of ideal breeding and crop management strategies that can improve maize grain yield under tropical environments is crucial. In the temperate regions, such yield improvements were achieved through use of genotypes that adapt high plant population density stress. However, tropical germplasm has poor tolerance to high plant population density stress, and thus it should be improved by temperate maize. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic gains and identify traits associated with such gains in stable and high yielding temperate x tropical hybrids under low and high plant population densities. A total of 200 hybrids derived from a line x tester mating design of tropical x temperate germplasm were developed. These hybrids were evaluated for grain yield and allied traits under varied plant population densities. High yielding and stable hybrids, such as 15XH214, 15XH215 and 15XH121 were resistant to lodging and had higher number of leaves above the cob. The high genetic gains of 26% and desirable stress tolerance indices of these hybrids made them better performers over check hybrids under high plant population density. At high plant population density yield was correlated to stem lodging and number of leaves above the cob. Future gains in grain yield of these hybrids derived from temperate x tropical maize germplasm can be achieved by exploiting indirect selection for resistance to stem lodging and increased number of leaves above the cob under high plant density conditions.

An integrative influence of saline water irrigation and fertilization on the structure of soil bacterial communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 693-700
Author(s):  
L. J. Chen ◽  
C. S. Li ◽  
Q. Feng ◽  
Y. P. Wei ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

AbstractAlthough numerous studies have investigated the individual effects of salinity, irrigation and fertilization on soil microbial communities, relatively less attention has been paid to their combined influences, especially using molecular techniques. Based on the field of orthogonal designed test and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing technology, the effects of saline water irrigation amount, salinity level of irrigation water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate on soil bacterial community structure were investigated. The results showed that the irrigation amount was the most dominant factor in determining the bacterial richness and diversity, followed by the irrigation water salinity and N fertilizer rate. The values of Chao1 estimator, abundance-based coverage estimator and Shannon indices decreased with an increase in irrigation amount while increased and then decreased with an increase in irrigation water salinity and N fertilizer rate. The highest soil bacterial richness and diversity were obtained under the least irrigation amount (25 mm), medium irrigation water salinity (4.75 dS/m) and medium N fertilizer rate (350 kg/ha). However, different bacterial phyla were found to respond distinctively to these three factors: irrigation amount significantly affected the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi; irrigation water salinity mostly affected the members of Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria; and N fertilizer rate mainly influenced the Bacteroidetes' abundance. The results presented here revealed that the assessment of soil microbial processes under combined irrigation and fertilization treatments needed to be more careful as more variable consequences would be established by comparing with the influences based on an individual factor, such as irrigation amount or N fertilizer rate.

EFFICIENT TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE PEARL MILLET PRODUCTIVITY IN DIFFERENT SOIL AND AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. MARUTHI SANKAR ◽  
P. K. MISHRA ◽  
K. L. SHARMA ◽  
S. P. SINGH ◽  
A. K. NEMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Monthly Rainfall ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Benefit Cost

SUMMARYLong-term field experiments were conducted at Agra, Solapur and Hisar from 2000 to 2008 to identify efficient tillage and nutrient management practices and to develop predictive models that would describe the relationship between crop yields and monthly rainfall for rainfed pearl millet grown on arid and semi-arid Inceptisol, Vertisol and Aridisol soils. Nine treatments comprising a factorial combination of three tillage practices, viz., conventional tillage (CT), low tillage + interculture (LT1) and low tillage + herbicide (LT2) and three fertilizer treatments viz., 100% N from an organic source (F1), 50% organic N + 50% inorganic N (F2) and 100% inorganic N (F3) were tested in a split-plot design at the three locations. Studies revealed that tillage and fertilizer treatments, and their interactions, significantly influenced pearl millet grain yields at the three locations. Prediction models describing the relation between grain yield and monthly rainfall indicated that rainfall occurring in June, July and August at Agra; June and July at Solapur; and June and August at Hisar significantly influenced pearl millet grain yield attained by different treatments. The R2 values of the model ranged from 0.64 to 0.81 at Agra; 0.63 to 0.92 at Solapur, and 0.75 to 0.89 at Hisar. When averaged over all the treatment combinations, mean pearl millet grain yields varied from 1590 to 1744 kg ha−1 at Agra; 1424 to 1786 kg ha−1 at Solapur; and 1675 to 1766 kg ha−1 at Hisar while their corresponding sustainability yield indice (SYI) varied from 35.4 to 42.2%, 19.9 to 45.6% and 64.1 to 68.3%, respectively. At Agra (Inceptisol), CTF3 resulted in significantly higher mean net returns (Rs 11 439 ha−1), benefit-cost ratio (2.33), rainwater use efficiency (RWUE) (3.52 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the second best SYI (39.9%). At Solapur (Vertisol), the LT1F3 resulted in significantly higher net returns (Rs 12 818 ha−1), benefit-cost ratio (3.52), RWUE (3.89 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the fourth best SYI (42.6%). At Hisar (Aridisol), the LT1F3 treatment gave higher net returns (Rs 3866 ha−1), benefit-cost ratio (1.26), RWUE (5.05 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the fourth best SYI (67.8%). These treatment combinations can be recommended for their respective locations to achieve maximum RWUE, productivity and profitability.

STALK ROT OF CORN IN RELATION TO PLANT POPULATION AND GRAIN YIELD

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Mortimore ◽  
R. E. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
End Results

Increases in plant population of field corn resulted in increased stalk rot and barrenness, and decreased tillering and ear size. In the stalk rot susceptible single cross CH159 × CH3, stalk rot reached high levels at relatively low populations (10- and 15-thousand plants per acre) whereas resistant B14 × CH9 did not have stalk rot below populations of 20- and 25-thousand plants per acre. Stalk rot did not occur until after the plants had reached physiological maturity. Plants which developed stalk rot shortly after physiological maturity had lower grain yields than plants which developed stalk rot later in the autumn. Plants without stalk rot by the time of final harvest in late October or early November were found to have either well-developed ears with high grain weights or small, poorly pollinated ears. It was concluded that both stalk rot and reduction of grain yield are the end results of conditions which reduced plant productivity during growth.

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