Phosphorus in runoff from two highly weathered soils of the tropics

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ramírez-Ávila ◽  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Gustavo Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Luís Pérez-Alegría
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Bray 1

Ramírez-Ávila, J. R., Sotomayor-Ramírez, D., Martínez-Rodríguez, G. A. and Pérez-Alegría, L. R. 2011. Phosphorus in runoff from two highly weathered soils of the tropics. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 267–277. Agricultural fields with high soil phosphorus (P) content are important contributors to surface water degradation. Two consecutive simulated rainfall events were conducted on two Ultisols previously amended with inorganic P fertilizer or broiler litter. Soil test P (Bray 1 and Olsen) levels evaluated ranged from 1 to 350 mg kg−1. Surface runoff concentrations of total P (TP) and dissolved P (DP) generated by a 30-min runoff event were quantified. Runoff DP concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 3.98 mg L−1 in fertilizer P-amended soils and from 0.08 to 4.93 mg L−1 in broiler litter-amended soils. A single exponential model adequately described the relationships between soil test P and DP concentrations in runoff. For each soil, the soil test P-DP concentration relationships were positively influenced by soil organic matter and negatively influenced by antecedent soil moisture (P<0.05). For both soils, the soil test P-DP concentration relationships were positively influenced by groundcover percentage and negatively influenced by slope. Environmental soil test P critical levels corresponding to a runoff threshold of 1 mg L−1 DP, ranged between 176 and 296 mg kg−1 (Olsen) and 143 to 276 mg kg−1 (Bray 1) in soils amended with fertilizer-P. In broiler litter-amended soils, threshold values were 88 and 111 mg kg−1 using Olsen and Bray 1, respectively. Differences in surface runoff-P concentrations due to amendment sources, antecedent soil moisture content, soil organic matter, groundcover and slope suggest that these factors need to be considered in P management decisions at the farm level.

scholarly journals Predicting Need for Phosphorus Fertilizer by Soil Testing During Seeding of Cool Season Grasses

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1690-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C. Hamel ◽  
Joseph R. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Grass Establishment ◽  
Bray 1

Recent changes in soil testing methodology, the important role of P fertilization in early establishment and soil coverage, and new restrictions on P applications to turf suggest a need for soil test calibration research on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Greenhouse and field studies were conducted for 42 days to examine the relationship between soil test P levels and P needs for rapid grass establishment using 23 NJ soils with a Mehlich-3 extractable P ranging from 6 to 1238 mg·kg–1. Soil tests (Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and Bray-1) for extractable P were performed by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Mehlich-3 extractable P and Al were measured to evaluate the ratio of P to Al as a predictor of need for P fertilizer. Kentucky bluegrass establishment was more sensitive to low soil P availability than tall fescue or perennial ryegrass. Soil test extractants Mehlich-1, Bray-1, or Mehlich-3 were each effective predictors of need for P fertilization. The ratio of P to Al (Mehlich-3 P/Al %) was a better predictor of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass establishment response to P fertilization than soil test P alone. The Mehlich-1, Bray-1, and Mehlich-3 soil test P critical levels for clipping yield response were in the range of 170 to 280 mg·kg–1, depending on the soil test extractant, for tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. The Mehlich-3 P/Al (%) critical level was 42% for tall fescue and 33% for perennial ryegrass. Soil test critical levels, based on estimates from clipping yield data, could not be determined for Kentucky bluegrass using the soils in this study. Soil testing for P has the potential to aid in protection of water quality by helping to identify sites where P fertilization can accelerate grass establishment and thereby prevent soil erosion, and by identifying sites that do not need P fertilization, thereby preventing further P enrichment of soil and runoff. Because different grass species have varying critical P levels for establishment, both soil test P and the species should be incorporated into the decision-making process regarding P fertilization.

Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Song ◽  
Xingyi Zhang ◽  
Xiaobing Liu ◽  
Yuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Bray 1 ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Song, C., Zhang, X., Liu, X. and Chen, Y. 2012. Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 537–542. Temperature and moisture are important factors affecting adsorption, transformation and the availability of soil phosphorus (P) to plants. The different temperatures and moisture contents at which soil is sampled might affect the results of soil test P (STP). In order to evaluate the effect of the temperature and moisture, as well as the fertilization level, on the results of soil test P, an incubation study involving three soil temperatures (5, 10, and 20°C), and three soil moisture contents (50, 70, 90% of field water-holding capacity) was conducted with Chinese Mollisols collected from four fertilization treatments in a long-term experiment in northeast China. Four soil P test methods, Mehlich 3, Morgan, Olsen and Bray 1 were used to determine STP after a 42-d incubation. The effect of temperature and moisture on STP varied among soil P tests. Averaged across the four fertilization treatments, the temperature had significant impact on STP, while the responses varied among soil P test methods. Mehlich 3, Morgan and Bray 1 STP decreased and Olsen STP increased with increase in temperature. Effect of soil moisture was only significant for Mehlich 3 P and Olsen P. Soil temperature had greater impact on STP than soil moisture content. The responses of the Olsen method to temperature differed from the other three methods tested. The interaction between soil temperature and soil moisture on soil test P was only significant for Mehlich 3 P. Fertilization level does not affect the STP in as a clear pattern as the temperature and moisture varied for all four methods. Consistent soil sampling conditions, especially the soil temperature, appear to be the first step to achieve a reliable STP for any soil P test.

Broiler litter applications and chemical properties of highly weathered soils.

1969 ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Ulises Chardón-Alcázar
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Available P ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

The effect of broiler litter applications on chemical properties of three highly weathered soils of different mineralogy was evaluated. The soils included in the study were Coto (very fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrustox), Consumo (fine, mixed, semiactive, isohyperthermic Typic Haplohumults), and Corozal (very fine, parasesquic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludults). Five broiler litter treatments (0, 5, 10, 15 y 20 t/ha) were evaluated in a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. The soils were incubated for two months at room temperature (23° C). Broiler litter did not increase 3+ significantly the pH of the soils; however, soil exchangeable Al decreased 3+ in all soils as a result of broiler litter applications. Exchangeable Al in Coto soil decreased from 0.21 cmolc/kg in the 0 broiler litter treatment to 0.09 cmolc/kg in the 20 t/ha treatment, in Consumo soil from 1.08 to 0.19 cmolc/kg, and in Corozal soil from 7.57 a 5.76 cmolc/kg. The treatments also increased electrical conductivity of the soils, such an effect being more evident in Coto soil. The 20 t/ha treatment increased soil electrical conductivity of Coto by 74%, whereas for Consumo and Corozal soils the increase was only 55 and 54%, respectively. Available P content in Coto soil increased from 40 mg/kg in the check treatment, to 65 mg/kg in the 20 t/ha manure treatment. In Consumo and Corozal soils no significant change in available P was observed. This finding is indicative of the high P fixing capacity of these soils. It is suggested 3+ that soil exchangeable Al in Consumo and Corozal soils is reacting with P in the manure, forming aluminum phosphates and contributing to phosphate + 2+ fixation. Broiler litter application increased exchangeable K and Mg , but 2+ 2+ not exchangeable Ca , in the three soils; exchangeable Mn increased in Consumo and Coto soils.

Assessment of soil phosphorus tests for situations in Australia where reactive phosphate rock and water-soluble phosphorus fertilisers are used

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Simpson ◽  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
A. J. Weatherley ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
V. Hoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
P Content ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bray 1

Summary. A selection of commonly used soil phosphorus (P) tests, which included anion and cation exchange resin membranes, were compared in a glasshouse experiment using subterranean clover, and evaluated in the field at 19 sites from the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project in 1993 and at 6 sites in 1995. The ability of the soil P tests to predict plant response was used to evaluate the tests. In the glasshouse experiment the resin test was less effective than the Bray 1 and Colwell tests in its ability to assess the level of plant-available P from the different fertiliser treatments. Seventy-one percent of the variation in total P content of the subterranean clover shoots was explained by resin-extractable P values, whereas the Colwell procedure accounted for 81% and the Bray 1 procedure accounted for 78%. Water and CaCl2 extracts were poor predictors of P content. In the field experiments all tests evaluated performed poorly in describing the relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied and relative yield and soil test P over a wide range of soil types and environments. The Bray 1 procedure performed best but the relationship was poor.

scholarly journals Stratified Soil Sampling Improves Predictions of P Concentration in Surface Runoff and Tile Discharge

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
William Osterholz ◽  
Kevin King ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
Brittany Hanrahan ◽  
Emily Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Sampling Depth ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Phosphorus (P) stratification in agricultural soils has been proposed to increase the risk of P loss to surface waters. Stratified soil sampling that assesses soil test P (STP) in a shallow soil horizon may improve predictions of P concentrations in surface and subsurface discharge compared to single depth agronomic soil sampling. However, the utility of stratified sampling efforts for enhancing understanding of environmental P losses remains uncertain. In this study, we examined the potential benefit of integrating stratified sampling into existing agronomic soil testing efforts for predicting P concentrations in discharge from 39 crop fields in NW Ohio, USA. Edge-of-field (EoF) dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) flow-weighted mean concentrations in surface runoff and tile drainage were positively related to soil test P (STP) measured in both the agronomic sampling depth (0–20 cm) and shallow sampling depth (0–5 cm). Tile and surface DRP and TP were more closely related to shallow depth STP than agronomic STP, as indicated by regression models with greater coefficients of determination (R2) and lesser root-mean square errors (RMSE). A multiple regression model including the agronomic STP and P stratification ratio (Pstrat) provided the best model fit for DRP in surface runoff and tile drainage and TP in tile drainage. Additionally, STP often varied significantly between soil sampling events at individual sites and these differences were only partially explained by management practices, highlighting the challenge of assessing STP at the field scale. Overall, the linkages between shallow STP and P transport persisted over time across agricultural fields and incorporating stratified soil sampling approaches showed potential for improving predictions of P concentrations in surface runoff and tile drainage.

scholarly journals Productivity and Nutritive Quality of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) as Influenced by Commercial Fertilizer, Broiler Litter, and Interseeded White Clover (Trifolium repens)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Dillard ◽  
Laura E. Sturgeon ◽  
Walter F. Owsley ◽  
C. Wesley Wood ◽  
James L. Holliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
Soil Test P

In the southeastern USA, there is an abundance of broiler litter from commercial poultry production that is available for use as fertilizer, but cropland and pastureland amended with broiler litter often exhibit greatly increased soil-test P. We evaluated productivity and nutritive quality of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) that was interseeded with or without white clover (Trifolium repens) and which commercial fertilizer (ammonium nitrate and diammonium phosphate) or broiler litter was applied on the basis of soil-test P; broiler litter was supplemented with ammonium nitrate to be isonitrogenous with commercial fertilizer. Forage dry matter yield and foliar concentrations of crude protein, cell wall constituents, P, K, and Cu were not different among fertilizer treatments, and concentration of Zn was only slightly greater for forage amended with broiler litter than commercial fertilizer. Results indicate that broiler litter can be a cost-effective alternative to commercial fertilizer for warm-season forage production when applied on the basis of soil-test P.

scholarly journals Broiler litter applications and chemical properties of highly weathered soils.

1969 ◽  
Vol 96 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Ulises Chardón-Alcázar
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Available P ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
P Content ◽  
Phosphate Fixation ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

The effect of broiler litter applications on chemical properties of three highly weathered soils of different mineralogy was evaluated. The soils included in the study were Coto (very fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrustox), Consumo (fine, mixed, semiactive, isohyperthermic Typic Haplohumults), and Corozal (very fine, parasesquic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludults). Five broiler litter treatments (0, 5, 10, 15 y 20 t/ha) were evaluated in a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. The soils were incubated for two months at room temperature (23° C). Broiler litter did not increase significantly the pH of the soils; however, soil exchangeable Al3+ decreased in all soils as a result of broiler litter applications. Exchangeable Al3+ in Coto soil decreased from 0.21 cmolc/kg Al3+ in the 0 broiler litter treatment to 0.09 cmolc/kg in the 20 t/ha treatment, in Consumo soil from 1.08 to 0.19 cmolc/kg, and in Corozal soil from 7.57 a 5.76 cmolc/kg. The treatments also increased electrical conductivity of the soils, such an effect being more evident in Coto soil. The 20 t/ha treatment increased soil electrical conductivity of Coto by 74%, whereas for Consumo and Corozal soils the increase was only 55 and 54%, respectively. Available P content in Coto soil increased from 40 mg/kg in the check treatment, to 65 mg/kg in the 20 t/ha manure treatment. In Consumo and Corozal soils no significant change in available P was observed. This finding is indicative of the high P fixing capacity of these soils. It is suggested that soil exchangeable Al3+ in Consumo and Corozal soils is reacting with P in the manure, forming aluminum phosphates and contributing to phosphate fixation. Broiler litter application increased exchangeable K+ and Mg2, but not exchangeable Ca2+, in the three soils; exchangeable Mn2+ increased in Consumo and Coto soils.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Available Phosphorus Status in Alfisols Derived From Charnockite In Ekiti State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Available P ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
The Tropics

Biochar, a carbon-rich product of pyrolyzed biomass, has been used as an amendment to improve the properties of marginal highly-weathered soils in the tropics characterized by widespread phosphorus (P) deficiency. Alfisols derived from charnockite in Ekiti State are typically deficient in available phosphorus. Two alfisols from Ire-Ekiti and Ijan-Ekiti were amended with 0 (P-only), 5, 10 and 20% (w/w) biochars from maize stover (mB) and sawmill waste (sB) and incubated for 56 days with the addition of 60 mg kg-1 P in solution and a control without biochar and P-solution. Incubated soils were sampled fortnightly and analyzed for available P using Mehlich III extractant, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) in water (1:2 w/v). Results show that biochar increased the soil pH by 1-2 units and EC from the native 0.02 to 8.37 dS m-1 with mB at 10 and 20%, causing soil salinity (EC > four dS m-1). Biochar increased available P to values ranging from 9.96 to 376.22 mg kg-1 compared to 2.93 to 7.64 mg kg-1 in control and 5.42 to 40.13 mg kg-1nin P-only treatments. The available P increased with days of incubation up to day 42 and followed by a slight decline, but the P in biochar-treated soils was significantly higher than other treatments. The mB significantly improved soil properties (soil pH, EC, and available P status), particularly at higher rates more than sB. The 5% mB in which the problem of salinity problem associated with higher rates is avoided should be recommended.

Short-term stability of soil test phosphorus in agricultural fields

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Lamb ◽  
G W Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Stability ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Fertility Management ◽  
P Values ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Soil Test Phosphorus ◽  
Bray 1

The spatial and temporal stability of soil test values is important to the use of soil testing for site-specific soil fertility management. A study was conducted to evaluate the spatial and temporal stability of soil test phosphorus (P). Five sites ranging in size from 3.7 to 4.4 ha were soil sampled in the same locations in a 18.3 × 18.3-m grid either three or four times over a 2-yr period. Bray 1-P values were similar or decreased over time, while Olsen-P values at two of five sites decreased. One site showed no pattern and two sites had cyclic patterns where the spring sample values were greater than the fall. The spatial pattern of soil test values during a 2 yr rotation for Bray 1-P and Olsen-P was very stable. The changes in distribution in soil test P categories over a 2-yr period resulted in a shift to lower soil test categories. The decreases in soil test P were probably caused by plant P uptake in combination with no application of P fertilizer during the study. Key words: Soil test phosphorus, spatial stability, pH, temporal stability

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