The influence of harvest management and fertilizer application on seasonal yield, crude protein concentration and N offtake of grasses in northeast Saskatchewan

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. McCartney ◽  
S. Bittman ◽  
W. F. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

The goal of pasture management is to match quantity and quality of herbage to the requirement of the grazing animal. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of harvest management and fertilizer application on annual and seasonal production, protein concentration and N-offtake by eight grass species adapted to the central Aspen Parkland. In this 3-yr splitsplit- plot experiment, grasses were either fertilized annually (50 and 13 kg ha-1 of N and P, respectively) or left unfertilized, and cut either twice annually (two-cut) in early July and late September, or three to four times annually (multi-cut), in early June, early July, early August and late September if there was sufficient herbage. The grasses used in this study were Altai wildrye [Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger], creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra), meadow bromegrass [Bromus riparius (Rehmann)], Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.), intermediate wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski] and green needlegrass [Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth]. Fertilizer increased yield of the two-cut treatment 15% (P < 0.05) more than the multi-cut treatment. On average, the multi-cut treatment had 32% higher protein concentration than the two-cut treatment throughout the season. Fertilizer significantly increased protein concentration only in the first harvest of the multi-cut clipped plots, probably because the application rate was low. Nitrogen offtake of the multi-cut treatment averaged 24% higher than the two-cut treatment, even though the latter yielded more. Meadow bromegrass showed the most uniform seasonal distribution of yield among the high-yielding grasses under all management systems while smooth bromegrass and crested wheatgrass were generally the poorest. Crested wheatgrass had significantly more first cut production than all other grasses. Meadow bromegrass herbage also had the lowest protein concentrations throughout the growing season among the high producing grasses. Since the protein concentrations were generally higher than required by grazing beef cattle, the meadow bromegrass herbage was the most suitable for this class of cattle. Green needlegrass also showed potential for use in pastures. Key words: Pasture, hay, protein yield, Bromus, Elytrigia, Nassella, Agropyron, Festuca, Psathyrostachys, Leymus

scholarly journals Harvest management and N-fertilization effects on yield and regrowth of smooth bromegrass, crested wheatgrass, and meadow bromegrass in the eastern prairies

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. McCaughey ◽  
R. G. Simons
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilization ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
Fertilization Effects

Little information exists describing how pasture-type grasses such as meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem & Schult.; MBR) may differ from hay-type grasses such as crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.; CWG) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.; SBR) in terms of DMY response to harvest and fertilizer management. In a 3-yr field trial at Brandon, MB harvest management (two-cut hay management or three- to four-cut simulated pasture management) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg N ha−1) were examined for their interactive effects on DMY and percent regrowth of CWG, MBR, and SBR Grasses managed under a two-cut hay system generally had greater (P < 0.05) DMY and lower (P < 0.05) percent regrowth than grasses managed under a three- to four-cut simulated pasture system. There were few consistent differences in DMY between grass species with relative ranking and significance changing between site-years. However, percent regrowth of MBR was always greater (P < 0 05) than either CWG or SBR, indicating its value in rotational grazing systems. Generally, MBR responded to N-fertilizer in a similar manner to CWG and SBR. Nitrogen fertilization increased (P < 0.0001) total DMY linearly m all site-years with an apparent optimum of greater than 160 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but percent regrowth did not respond in a consistent manner. Environment, management, and grass species, respectively, accounted for 38.4, 33.2, and 0.6% of the total variation in DMY, emphasizing their relative impact on yield of dryland grasses. Key words: Grass, fertilization, hay, pasture, nitrogen

PRODUCTIVITY OF GRASS SPECIES IN THE DARK BROWN SOIL ZONE OF SASKATCHEWAN

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. KNOWLES
Keyword(s):  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Western Wheatgrass ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
Slender Wheatgrass

Six Eurasian temperate zone grasses, one mixture of these, and three North American wheatgrasses were compared in mainly nonfertilized tests from 1974 to 1983 in Saskatchewan, Canada. Introduced grasses outyielded natives at Saskatoon when cut once per season as hay with the following declining yield order (kg/ha): intermediate wheatgrass (3819), standard crested wheatgrass (2906), smooth bromegrass (2841), Russian wild ryegrass (2311), Fairway crested wheatgrass (2218), meadow bromegrass (2082), slender wheatgrass (2011), western wheatgrass (1919), and northern wheatgrass (1683). Much the same order of yield was observed when these grasses were clipped two to three times per season, although meadow bromegrass and western wheatgrass performed relatively better. At the Scott site, standard crested wheatgrass and northern wheatgrass performed relatively better than at Saskatoon. Slightly lower in vitro digestibility ratings were shown for natives than for introduced species and this appeared to be due to the more rapid senescence of natives. Stands at Saskatoon were maintained for 10 yr for all species except slender wheatgrass which lasted 5 yr. Weed control was best for meadow bromegrass and smooth bromegrass and poorest for slender wheatgrass, northern wheatgrass, and Fairway crested wheatgrass. Fertilizer applied to older stands showed a greater response for introduced grasses than for natives.Key words: Grass species, productivity, hay, pasture, longevity

Harvest management and N-fertilization effects on protein yield, protein content and nitrogen use efficiency of smooth bromegrass, crested wheatgrass and meadow bromegrass

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. McCaughey ◽  
R. G. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

There is a lack of information on the interaction of harvest management, grass species and N-fertilizer interaction on forage quality and nitrogen use efficiency of dryland grasses. In a 3-yr field trial, harvest management (2 cut, hay management vs. a 3–4 cut simulated pasture management system) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg N ha−1) were examined for their effects on protein yield (PY), protein content (PC), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen recovery (NR) and soil test nitrate-nitrogen (STN) under crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.; CWG), meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem & Schult.; MBR) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.; SBR) swards. Generally, grasses managed under a two-cut hay system had lower (P < 0.05) PC than grasses managed under a 3–4 cut simulated pasture system (and occasionally higher NR and NUE) but harvest management did not consistently affect PY. There were few consistent differences between grass species for PY, PC, NUE and NR with relative ranking and significance changing between site-years. Generally, MBR responded to N-fertilizer in a similar manner to previously studied dryland grasses such as CWG or SBR. N-fertilization increased PY and PC but did not consistently affect NUE, NR and STN. Key words: Protein yield, protein, nitrogen recovery, nitrogen use efficiency, hay, pasture

The effect of species complexity and sodium fertilizer application on the grazing behaviour of calves

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
M. Youssef ◽  
P.C. Chiy ◽  
C.J.C. Phillips ◽  
M. Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
High Sodium Diet ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

Cattle exhibit preferences not only for certain sward species but for the same species at different stages of growth, and the various parts of an individual plant and for individual plant of preferred composition. This tendency is termed selective grazing (Fontenot and Blaser, 1965). For example ruminants will select a high Sodium diet. Calves tend to be more selective than adult cattle, muzzling herbage before eating.The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of sward complexity, species and sodium fertilizer on the grazing behaviour of calves.Sixteen dairy Friesian calves, aged 5 to 6 months, with no previous grazing experience, were allocated to groups of 4 similar calves, and then at random to four pasture treatments of 3480m2 each with one (Perennial Ryegrass, P), two (P and Timothy, T), three (P, T and Cocksfoot, C) and four (P, T.C and Red Fescue, R) grass species in a balanced change over design. Each species was sown in plots of 290m2 and one half of each plot received 48Kg/ha. nacl.

Leaf development of eight grass species following grazing

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Lardner ◽  
S. B. M. Wright ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Elymus Trachycaulus ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
Slender Wheatgrass

Grazing by herbivores affects grass species both morphologically and physiologically. A study was conducted on an irrigated pasture near Outlook, Saskatchewan, Canada during the summer of 1991 to determine leaf regrowth after grazing of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), slender wheatgrass [Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners subsp. trachycaulus], intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey subsp. intermedium], orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus beibersteinii Roem. & Schult.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm.] and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in order to evaluate the suitability of these species for grazing. All eight species were mob-grazed by sheep at a stocking density of 30 animals ha-1. Physiological stage of leaf development was determined at 7, 14 and 21 d following defoliation. Smooth bromegrass and timothy consistently produced the greatest number of leaves for all regrowth periods. Tall fescue produced the least number of leaves at all time periods. Fifty-five percent of slender wheatgrass tillers and 19% of intermediate wheatgrass tillers were reproductive 21 d after defoliation. Based on leaf regrowth after grazing measured by leaf appearance, the grasses were ranked into three groupings – meadow bromegrass, smooth bromegrass and reed canarygrass ranked highest; intermediate wheatgrass, slender wheatgrass and orchardgrass ranked intermediate; and timothy and tall fescue ranked lowest. Key words: Leaf, regrowth, grass, grazing

scholarly journals The influence of harvest management and fertilizers on herbage yields of cool-season grasses grown in the Aspen Parkland of northeastern Saskatchewan

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bittman ◽  
D. H. McCartney ◽  
P. R. Horton ◽  
M. Hiltz ◽  
W. F. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Aspen Parkland ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Site ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of harvest and fertilizer management on the herbage yield of various grass cultivars grown in the Aspen Parkland region of northeastern Saskatchewan. A series of three experiments were set out: site 1 at Pathlow, Gray Luvisolic soil, 1980; site 2 at Melfort, Deep Black Chernozemic soil, 1979; and site 3 at Pathlow, 1986. At site 1, the design was a split-split plot with fertilizer treatments as mainplots (unfertilized and fertilized, initially with 11N-22P kg ha−1 incorporated 5 cm into soil and thereafter, 50N-13P kg ha−1 broadcast each year). Ten grass cultivars were seeded as subplots and harvest systems as subsubplots (two-cut and four-cut). At site 2 Melfort, the experimental design was similar to site 1, but without the fertilizer treatments. Fertilizer was applied to all plots at the same rates as site 1. At site 3, Pathlow, 14 grass cultivars were seeded with the same experimental design as site 2, but 10 kg S ha−1 was applied each year with the N and P fertilizer. At site 1 Pathlow, the only experiment with the unfertilized control, fertilizer increased the average herbage yield to 2.47 t ha−1 from 1.42 t ha−1 for unfertilized control plots. Frequent cutting (four-cut system) showed reduced annual yields of 1.70, 5.28 and 1.93 t ha−1 compared with 2.19, 7.08, and 2.87 t ha−1 (two-cut system), respectively, for sites 1, 2 (5-yr period) and 3 (7-yr period). A greater response to fertilizer was observed with the 2-cut system, 1.19 t ha−1, than with the four-cut system, 0.91 t ha−1, which resulted in a fertilizer × cutting management interaction at site 1. With some exceptions, most of the species were not significantly different in ranking based on herbage yield over the three test sites, but meadow bromegrass [Bromus biebersteinii (Roem & Schult.)] ranked higher in yield on the less fertile Pathlow Gray Wooded soil sites than on the more fertile Melfort Deep Black soil site. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) ranked high in herbage yield at all three sites. Crested wheatgrass, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and meadow bromegrass, the most commonly grown species in Saskatchewan, yielded well under the simulated hay and pasture conditions. Other cultivars such as Clarke intermediate wheatgrass [(Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski], Elbee northern wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatur (Scribn. and Smith)] and Lodorm green needlegrass (Stripa viridula Trin.) should be considered for pasture and hay by farmers and ranchers in northern Saskatchewan. Key words: Grass, harvest management, pasture, hay, fertilizer

Short Communication: Etiolated growth of hybrid bromegrass (Bromus inermis×B. riparius) compared with smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, crested wheatgrass and tall fescue under grazed or nongrazed conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-445
Author(s):  
C. I. Ward ◽  
H. A. Lardner ◽  
P. G. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

Ward, C. I., Lardner, H. A. and Jefferson, P. G. 2012. Short Communication: Etiolated growth of hybrid bromegrass ( Bromus inermis × B. riparius ) compared with smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, crested wheatgrass and tall fescue under grazed or nongrazed conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 441–445. Etiolated spring regrowth of hybrid bromegrass was compared with smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, crested wheatgrass and tall fescue under beef steer (Bos taurus) grazed or nongrazed conditions in the previous season over 2 yr in 2006 and 2007. Hybrid bromegrass seeded in 2003 had greater energy reserves than old crested wheatgrass (control) and similar reserves to tall fescue and crested wheatgrass. Hybrid bromegrass can be grazed in similar systems as meadow bromegrass and be expected to maintain sufficient energy reserves for spring growth.

Assessing eight grass species for pasture by measuring etiolated spring regrowth

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Lardner ◽  
S. B. M. Wright ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Elymus Trachycaulus ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
Slender Wheatgrass

Grazing by herbivores can affect root carbohydrate reserves of grass species. A grazing study was conducted on an irrigated pasture near Outlook, Saskatchewan, Canada, during the summers of 1991 and 1992 t o determine etiolated regrowth after grazing of reed canarygrass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.), slender wheatgrass ( Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners subsp . trachycaulus), intermediate wheatgrass [ Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey subsp . intermedium], orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow bromegrass ( Bromus biebersteinii Roem. & Schult.), smooth bromegrass ( Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall fescue [ Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm.] and timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) in order to eva luate the suitability of these species for grazing. All eight species were mob-grazed by sheep at a stocking rate of 30 animals ha-1. Carbohydrate reserves were estimated by determination of etiolated regrowth. Meadow bromegrass produced the greatest etiol ated regrowth and timothy the least. Based on production of etiolated regrowth the grasses were ranked into three groups - meadow bromegrass and intermediate wheatgrass ranked highest, smooth bromegrass, reed canarygrass, slender wheatgrass and orchardgra ss ranked intermediate and timothy and tall fescue ranked lowest. Key words:

Agronomic characteristics and nutritive value of 11 grasses grown with irrigation on a saline soil in southwestern Saskatchewan

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Glover ◽  
G. A. Kielly ◽  
P. G. Jefferson ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Elymus Trachycaulus ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

Agronomic and nutritive characteristics of 11 grasses were studied at Swift Current, Saskatchewan on a moderately saline irrigated soil: [smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.), intermediate wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus (Linke) Gould ex Shinners), Altai wild ryegrass (Leymus angustus (Trin. Pilger), Russian wild ryegrass (Psathyrostachys junceus (Fisch.) Nevski), Dahurian wild ryegrass (Elymus dahuricus Turcz ex Grieseb), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arudinaceae L.) and creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.)]. Grasses were clipped at threeleaf, heading and seed set. Yield, leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), botanical composition (BC), crude protein (CP), phosphorus, fibre and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined. There were differences (P < 0.05) between the grasses in yield at each growth stage with smooth bromegrass and creeping foxtail having high yields and meadow bromegrass low yields at all growth stages. The BC of most target grasses was greater than 60%. Exceptions were Dahurian wild ryegrass, crested wheatgrass, tall wheatgrass and meadow bromegrass. There were few significant differences between the grasses for LSR, except that Russian and Altai wild ryegrasses and meadow bromegrass had higher LSR (P < 0.05) than the other grasses. Differences in CP, P, neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibres were inconsistent and small at each growth stage but CP and P declined (P < 0.05) while NDF and ADF increased (P < 0.05) with plant maturation. There were differences (P < 0.05) between years and cuts for all traits except between years for yield, BC and LSR at seed set (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) NDF and in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD) were determined for hay cut from each plot using sheep. The relationship between forage NDF and DMI: DMI g kg BW-1 d-1 = 86.5 – 0.09 NDF (r2 = 0.87; RSD = 1.16; P < 0.001)]

scholarly journals The Epichloë festucae Antifungal Protein Efe-AfpA Is Also a Possible Effector Protein Required for the Interaction of the Fungus with its Host Grass Festuca rubra subsp. rubra

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Ruying Wang ◽  
Simin Luo ◽  
Bruce B. Clarke ◽  
Faith C. Belanger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Antifungal Protein ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Epichloë Festucae

Strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra) is a commercially important low-maintenance turfgrass and is often naturally infected with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae. Epichloë spp. are endophytes of several cool-season grass species, often conferring insect resistance to the grass hosts due to the production of toxic alkaloids. In addition to insect resistance, a unique feature of the strong creeping red fescue/E. festucae symbiosis is the endophyte-mediated disease resistance to the fungal pathogen Clarireedia jacksonii, the causal agent of dollar spot disease. Such disease resistance is not a general feature of other grass/ Epichloë interactions. E. festucae isolates infecting red fescue have an antifungal protein gene Efe-afpA, whereas most other Epichloë spp. do not have a similar gene. The uniqueness of this gene suggests it may, therefore, be a component of the unique disease resistance seen in endophyte-infected red fescue. Here, we report the generation of CRISPR-Cas9 Efe-afpA gene knockouts with the goal of determining if absence of the protein in endophyte-infected Festuca rubra leads to disease susceptibility. However, it was not possible to infect plants with the knockout isolates, although infection was possible with the wild type E. festucae and with complemented isolates. This raises the interesting possibility that, in addition to having antifungal activity, the protein is required for the symbiotic interaction. The antifungal protein is a small secreted protein with high expression in planta relative to its expression in culture, all characteristics consistent with effector proteins. If Efe-AfpA is an effector protein it must be specific to certain interactions, since most Epichloë spp. do not have such a gene in their genomes.

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