Modeled Respiratory Tract Deposition of Smoke Aerosol from Conventional Cigarettes, Electronic Cigarettes and Heat-not-burn Products

В обзорной статье представлены актуальные данные экспериментальных и клинических исследований по изучению воздействия высокодисперсного аэрозоля электронных сигарет на систему дыхания лабораторных животных и человека. Производители электронных сигарет пытаются убедить нас в безопасности использования таких устройств, обширные рекламные компании привлекают с каждым годом всё больше и больше молодых людей несовершеннолетнего возраста. Анализ результатов исследований, приведенных в данной статье, позволяет сделать вывод о том, что использование даже безникотиновых жидкостей для электронных сигарет оказывает серьёзное влияние на здоровье человека, в частности на систему дыхания. Пропиленгликоль (E1520) и глицерин (E422) являются наиболее весомыми компонентами любой жидкости для электронных сигарет, при длительном вдыхании они приводят к раздражению слизистой дыхательных путей и глаз. Также обязательным компонентом в составе жидкости для электронных сигарет являются различные ароматизаторы, которые оказывают цитотоксическое действие на лёгочные макрофаги, что является причиной развития бактериальных и вирусных заболеваний дыхательного тракта. Использование электронных сигарет повышает риск развития онкологических заболеваний и обструктивных заболеваний лёгких, а также приводит к значительному снижению местного иммунитета слизистой дыхательных путей и снижает экспрессию более чем 358 генов. The review presents current experimental and clinical data on the effect of highly dispersed aerosol of electronic cigarettes on the respiratory system of laboratory animals and humans. Manufacturers of electronic cigarettes are trying to argue into safety of using such devices; extensive advertisements attract more and more young people every year. Propylene glycol (E1520) and glycerol (E422) are the most important components of any liquid for electronic cigarette, and when inhaled for a long time they irritate the respiratory tract and eyes. The liquid for electronic cigarettes also contains various flavors, which exert a cytotoxic effect on pulmonary macrophages resulting in development of many bacterial and viral respiratory diseases. Thus, the use of electronic cigarettes increases the risk of cancer and obstructive lung diseases, leads to a significant impairment of natural (local) immunity of the respiratory tract mucosa, and reduces the expression of more than 358 genes.

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Electronic Cigarettes and Head and Neck Cancer Risk—Current State of Art

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12113274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3274

Author(s):

Marta Szukalska ◽

Krzysztof Szyfter ◽

Ewa Florek ◽

Juan P. Rodrigo ◽

Alessandra Rinaldo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck Cancer ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Head And Neck ◽

Health Effects ◽

Neck Cancer ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Science Data ◽

Upper Respiratory

E-cigarettes have become increasingly popular in the last decade and are considered less harmful than traditional tobacco products due to the lower content of toxic and carcinogenic compounds. However, this is still a controversial issue. This paper contains a review of previous reports on the composition of e-cigarettes and their impact on the pathogenesis and risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). The objective of the review was to compare the molecular and health effects of e-cigarette use in relation to the effects of traditional cigarette smoking in the upper respiratory tract, and to assess the safety and effect of e-cigarettes on HNC risk. A review for English language articles published until 31 August 2020 was made, using a PubMed (including MEDLINE), CINAHL Plus, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science data. The authors reviewed articles on both toxic and carcinogenic compounds contained in e-cigarettes and their molecular and health effects on the upper respiratory tract in comparison to tobacco cigarettes. The risk of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains lower in users of e-cigarettes compared with tobacco smokers. However, more long-term studies are needed to better address the safety of e-cigarettes.

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First- and second-hand smoke dispersion analysis from e-cigarettes using a computer-simulated person with a respiratory tract model

Indoor and Built Environment ◽

10.1177/1420326x17694476 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 898-916 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kazuki Kuga ◽

Kazuhide Ito ◽

Sung-Jun Yoo ◽

Wenhao Chen ◽

Ping Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Inhalation Exposure ◽

Vapour Phase ◽

Flow Patterns ◽

Second Hand Smoke ◽

Deposition Flux ◽

Cfd Analysis ◽

Human Respiratory Tract

The purpose of this study was to investigate, in the human respiratory tract, the flow patterns and adsorption flux (deposition flux) distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated by the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) through the application of a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Two types of human respiratory tract models, which give detailed respiratory tract geometries were reproduced in this study using computed tomography data, for the CFD analysis of inhalation exposure. Complicated flow patterns, nonuniform distributions of VOC concentrations, and heterogeneous adsorption flux distributions were determined within the human respiratory tract models, and individual specificity was confirmed. The CFD simulation results of adsorption flux distributions on the epithelium tissue surfaces of airways denoted the probability distributions of inhalation exposure in respiratory tracts, and high adsorption flux sites representing ‘hot spots’ were delineated for tissue doses of VOCs generated from smoking e-cigarettes. Furthermore, dispersion and diffusion of VOCs in an indoor environment due to exhalation of the vapour phase of e-cigarette emissions were analysed by using a computer-simulated person with a numerical respiratory tract model through an integrated and contiguous analysis of inhalation and exhalation modes during e-cigarette smoking.

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A 6-month inhalation toxicology study in Apoe−/− mice demonstrates substantially lower effects of e-vapor aerosol compared with cigarette smoke in the respiratory tract

Archives of Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00204-021-03020-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ee Tsin Wong ◽

Justyna Szostak ◽

Bjoern Titz ◽

Tom Lee ◽

Sin Kei Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Function ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Lung Inflammation ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Loop Area ◽

Toxicology Study ◽

Aerosol Exposure

AbstractCigarette smoking is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Considerable attention has been paid to the reduced harm potential of nicotine-containing inhalable products such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). We investigated the effects of mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) and e-vapor aerosols (containing nicotine and flavor) generated by a capillary aerosol generator on emphysematous changes, lung function, and molecular alterations in the respiratory system of female Apoe−/− mice. Mice were exposed daily (3 h/day, 5 days/week) for 6 months to aerosols from three different e-vapor formulations—(1) carrier (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerol), (2) base (carrier and nicotine), or (3) test (base and flavor)—or to CS from 3R4F reference cigarettes. The CS and base/test aerosol concentrations were matched at 35 µg nicotine/L. CS exposure, but not e-vapor exposure, led to impairment of lung function (pressure–volume loop area, A and K parameters, quasi-static elastance and compliance) and caused marked lung inflammation and emphysematous changes, which were confirmed histopathologically and morphometrically. CS exposure caused lung transcriptome (activation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses), lipidome, and proteome dysregulation and changes in DNA methylation; in contrast, these effects were substantially reduced in response to the e-vapor aerosol exposure. Compared with sham, aerosol exposure (carrier, base, and test) caused a slight impact on lung inflammation and epithelia irritation. Our results demonstrated that, in comparison with CS, e-vapor aerosols induced substantially lower biological and pathological changes in the respiratory tract associated with chronic inflammation and emphysema.

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New Ultrastructural Observations on Injury and Regeneration of Cilia in Mammalian Conducting Airway Epithelium

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099544 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 624-625

Author(s):

J.L. Carson ◽

A.M. Collier

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Airway Epithelium ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Fetal Lung ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Airway Epithelial ◽

Ciliated Cells ◽

Conducting Airway ◽

Conducting Airways

The ciliated cells lining the conducting airways of mammals are integral to the defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract, functioning in coordination with secretory cells in the removal of inhaled and cellular debris. The effects of various infectious and toxic agents on the structure and function of airway epithelial cell cilia have been studied in our laboratory, both of which have been shown to affect ciliary ultrastructure.These observations have led to questions about ciliary regeneration as well as the possible induction of ciliogenesis in response to cellular injury. Classical models of ciliogenesis in the conducting airway epithelium of the mammalian respiratory tract have been based primarily on observations of the developing fetal lung. These observations provide a plausible explanation for the embryological generation of ciliary beds lining the conducting airways but do little to account for subsequent differentiation of ciliated cells and ciliogenesis during normal growth and development.

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