The Relationship between Modifiable Health Risks and Group-Level Health Care Expenditures

Purpose. To assess the relationship between modifiable health risks and total health care expenditures for a large employee group. Design. Risk data were collected through voluntary participation in health risk assessment (HRA) and worksite biometric screenings and were linked at the individual level to health care plan enrollment and expenditure data from employers' fee-for-service plans over the 6-year study period. Setting. The setting was worksite health promotion programs sponsored by six large private-sector and public-sector employers. Subjects. Of the 50% of employees who completed the HRA, 46,026 (74.7%) met all inclusion criteria for the analysis. Measures. Eleven risk factors (exercise, alcohol use, eating, current and former tobacco use, depression, stress, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, and blood glucose) were dichotomized into high-risk and lower-risk levels. The association between risks and expenditures was estimated using a two-part regression model, controlling for demographics and other confounders. Risk prevalence data were used to estimate group-level impact of risks on expenditures. Results. Risk factors were associated with 25% of total expenditures. Stress was the most costly factor, with tobacco use, overweight, and lack of exercise also being linked to substantial expenditures. Conclusions. Modifiable risk factors contribute substantially to overall health care expenditures. Health promotion programs that reduce these risks may be beneficial for employers in controlling health care costs.

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Ten Modifiable Health Risk Factors and Employees’ Medical Costs—An Update

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117120917850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 490-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ron Z. Goetzel ◽

Rachel Mosher Henke ◽

Michael A. Head ◽

Richele Benevent ◽

Kyu Rhee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Health Risk ◽

Health Care Costs ◽

Health Risks ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Full Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Care Costs

Purpose: To estimate the relationship between employees’ health risks and health-care costs to inform health promotion program design. Design: An observational study of person-level health-care claims and health risk assessment (HRA) data that used regression models to estimate the relationship between 10 modifiable risk factors and subsequent year 1 health-care costs. Setting: United States. Participants: The sample included active, full-time, adult employees continuously enrolled in employer-sponsored health insurance plans contributing to IBM MarketScan Research Databases who completed an HRA. Study criteria were met by 135 219 employees from 11 employers. Measures: Ten modifiable risk factors and individual sociodemographic and health characteristics were included in the models as independent variables. Five settings of health-care costs were outcomes in addition to total expenditures. Analysis: After building the analytic file, we estimated generalized linear models and conducted postestimation bootstrapping. Results: Health-care costs were significantly higher for employees at higher risk for blood glucose, obesity, stress, depression, and physical inactivity (all at P < .0001) than for those at lower risk. Similar cost differentials were found when specific health-care services were examined. Conclusion: Employers may achieve cost savings in the short run by implementing comprehensive health promotion programs that focus on decreasing multiple health risks.

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Financial Impact of Health Promotion Programs: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.4278/0890-1171-15.5.296 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 296-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 291

Author(s):

Steven G. Aldana

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Health Care Costs ◽

Health Risks ◽

English Language ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Financial Outcomes ◽

Health Promotion Programs ◽

Care Costs

Purpose. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on the ability of health promotion programs to reduce employee-related health care expenditures and absenteeism. Search Process. Using key words in a literature-searching program, a comprehensive search was conducted on the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, HealthSTAR, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, SciSearch, ERIC, and ABI Inform. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. All data-based studies that appeared in peer reviewed journals in the English language. Theses, dissertations, or presentation abstracts that were not published in peer reviewed journals were excluded. The initial search identified 196 studies, but only 72 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Data Extraction Methods. Summary tables were created that include design classification, subject size, results, and other key information for each study. Data Synthesis. Both the nature of the findings and the overall quality of the literature were evaluated in an attempt to answer two questions: Do individuals or populations with high health risks have worse financial outcomes than individuals or populations with low health risks? Do health promotion programs improve financial outcomes? Major Conclusions. There are good correlational data to suggest that high levels of stress, excessive body weight, and multiple risk factors are associated with increased health care costs and illness-related absenteeism. The associations between seat belt use, cholesterol, diet, hypertension, and alcohol abuse and absenteeism and health care expenditures are either mixed or unknown. Health promotion programs are associated with lower levels of absenteeism and health care costs, and fitness programs are associated with reduced health care costs.

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Hubungan Antara Pemberian ASI dan Pemberian Makanan Selain ASI denganKejadian Underweight Pada Bayidi JawaTimur Tahun 2018

Media Gizi Kesmas ◽

10.20473/mgk.v8i1.2019.1-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Dinda Maulidya Putri Maharani ◽

Sulvy Dwi Anggraini ◽

Trias Mahmudiono

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Health Promotion Programs ◽

Nutritional Needs ◽

The Relationship ◽

Improve Health

Latar Belakang:Prevalensi padabayi yang mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif di Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2015sebesar 68,8% kemudian mengalami penurunan dibandingkan dengan tahun 2014, dan terus meningkat hinggatahun 2017 yaitu 75,7%. Penyakit infeksi dapat menurunkan nafsu makan pada bayi danberakibatkan penurunanstatus gizi. Pemberian makanan penamping ASI dapat mempengaruhi status gizi bayi. Provinsi Jawa Timurmerupakan salah satu provinsi dengan capaian ASI eksklusif dibawah target. Berdasarkan dari kabupaten/kotadiketahui bahwa cakupanbayi yang mendapatkan ASI eksklusif di Jawa Timur tahun 2018 sebanyak 77,0%.Tujuan:Penelitianuntuk menganalisis hubungan antara pemberian ASI Eksklusif dan pemberian makananselain ASI dengan kejadianunderweightpada bayi di Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2018Metode:Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data primer dan sekunder dngan survei laporan bulanan Gizi ASIEksklusif Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2018. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan ujiChi-squaredanRegresi Logistik.Hasil:Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pemberianmakanan selainASIEksklusif (<30hari,>30 hari) dengankejadianunderweight, (p=0,000010;OR=1,645;95%CI=1,319–2,052), ada hubunganpemberian ASI saja tanpa makanan selain ASI pada bayi dengan kejadianunderweight,(p = 0,000;OR=0,272;95%CI=0,217–0,341).Kesimpulan:Pemberian makanan selain ASI dan pemberian ASI Eksklusif pada bayi berhubungandengankejadianunderweight. Pemberian ASI Eksklusif sudah mencukupi kebutuhan nutrisi bayi usia 0-6 bulan. Pihakpelayanan kesehatan perlu meningkatkan program promosi kesehatan dengan sosialisasi tentang pentingnyapemberian ASI Eksklusif pada bayi baru lahir hingga usia 0-6 bulan dan pemberian makanan pendamping ASIpada usia sampai 2 tahun agar kebutuhannutrisinya terpenuhi.ABSTRACTBackground: The prevalence of the babies who received exclusive breastfeeding in the Province of East Java by2015 was 68.8% which is lower when it is compared to 2014, with 72.9%, and since then it continued toincrease until in 2017 it was 75.7%. Infectious diseases may reduce appetite in infants which resulted in lowernutritional status. Providing complementary foods for breast milk can affect the nutritional status of the infants.The East Java Province is one of the provinces with exclusive breastfeeding achievement below the target. Basedon the district/city the coverage of infants who received exclusive breastfeeding in East Java in 2018 was 77.0%.Objective:This research was conducted to analyze the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and theconsumption of complementary food other than breast milk with the incidence of underweight found in infants ofEast Java Province in 2018Method:By analyzing the primary and secondary data with a survey of monthly reports on the East JavaProvince's ExclusiveNutrition of Breastfeeding in 2018. The analysis was performed through the Chi-squareand Logistic Regression test.Results:The results found that there is a relationship between the consumption of food other than breast milk(<30 days,>30 days) with theincidence of underweight, (p=0.000010; OR=1.645; 95% CI=1.319-2.052), as well as between exclusive breastfeeding(breast milk only) in infants with the incidenceof underweight,(p=0.000; OR=0.272; 95% CI=0.217-0.341).Conclusion:The consumption of food other than breast milk and exclusive breastfeeding on infants associatedwith the incidence of underweight. Breast milk is sufficient for the nutritional needs of infants aged 0-6 monthsold. Health care officials need to improve health promotion programs bysocializing the importance of exclusivebreastfeeding for newborns up to ages of 0-6 months and providing complimentary food beside breast milk untilthe age of 2 years old to fulfill the nutritional needs of the child.

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The Relationship Between Modifiable Health Risks and Health Care Expenditures

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1097/00043764-199810000-00003 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 843-854 ◽

Cited By ~ 282

Author(s):

Ron Z. Goetzel ◽

David R. Anderson ◽

R. William Whitmer ◽

Ronald J. Ozminkowski ◽

Rodney L. Dunn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Risks ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

The Relationship

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Health Risks and Group-Level Health Care Expenditures

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.4278/0890-1171-15.1.53 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 53-54

Author(s):

Thomas Golaszewski

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Risks ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Group Level

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Helping Nurses Manage Their Stress by Integrating Health Promotion

Californian Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.32398/cjhp.v4i4.1981 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 9-12

Author(s):

Edward V. Wallace

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Care ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Community Health ◽

Stress Management ◽

The United States ◽

Ecological Perspective ◽

Ecological Approach ◽

Health Promotion Programs ◽

Management Workshop

In the United States registered nurses constitute the largest health care occupation; with about three out of five jobs being located in hospitals Everyday more and more nurses describe their profession as increasingly hectic and stressful. The purpose of this study is to design and implement how nurses at the Cayuga Community Health Network Center can reduce stress by using an Ecological Approach on health promotion programs. Two-hundred and seventy five nurses agreed to attend the Stress Management for Professional Caregivers workshop. All of the participants were female, with the majority being Caucasian. A majority of the nurses stated the workshop made them think about how they handle stress. Nearly all of the nurses stated that the information in the stress management workshop was valuable to them professionally. The success of this stress workshop demonstrates that implementing health promotion programs from an ecological perspective has the potential to reduce stress among nurses.

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