scholarly journals Clitic or Agreement Restriction in Santali: A Typological Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33
Author(s):  
Mayuri J. DILIP ◽  
Rajesh KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Object Agreement ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feature Checking

This paper investigates the syntactic configuration of pronominal number marking in Santali. Syntactic, morphological and prosodic restrictions show that pronominal number markers have properties of an affix as well as a clitic. A marker is an affix due to the fact that it cannot participate in a binding relation with other arguments. A pronominal number marker also functions as a clitic since it is attached to prosodically the most prominent constituent. The arguments that trigger object agreement do not manifest one particular case, but instead indicate a dissociation between a case and object agreement. On the other hand, the argument with subject agreement manifests nominative case only, indicating an association between nominative case and subject agreement. Both subject and object agreement are sensitive to case that indicates a property of an affix. Keeping in view the distribution of the pronominal number markers, we analyze feature checking of the two parameters, namely agreement and case in Santali.

Syntactic structures of Mandarin purposives

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-126
Author(s):  
Wei-wen Roger Liao ◽  
Tzong-hong Jonah Lin
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Verb Movement ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Right

Abstract This paper investigates three constructions in Mandarin, all of which convey a purposive/teleological meaning, including the lai purposive, the hao purposive, and the bare purposive. Despite the fact that each type of purposive clause in Mandarin occurs at the right edge of a sentence, it is argued that none of the purposive clause is a genuine right adjunct in the underlying syntactic structure. On the other hand, our analysis shows that the lai purposive employs complementation of a secondary predicate, the hao purposive involves conjunction of two clauses, and the bare purposive should be analyzed as left adjunction that is stranded in the right edge after verb movement. The evidence for our analysis is drawn from subject and object gaps, the ba-construction in Mandarin, agentivity, and linear ordering of multiple purposive clauses. This work thus demonstrates representative cases where a structure that appears to involve right adjunction may in fact employ no right adjunction at all. The conclusion is thus consistent with the prediction of Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA).

scholarly journals Agreement in Persian

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad R. Lotfi
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Plural Subject

This article investigates agreement as a number marking mechanism in Persian. The mechanism differs from number marking on nominals in that with an inanimate plural subject, the SG verbal ending signals a collective conceptualization of the experience where the members of the group are considered together as a single unit. The PL ending, on the other hand, signals a distributive conceptualization where the entities are individuated; hence, they are considered to be dispersed over space, or distinct in sort or time. Autonomy - whether the entity is conceived of as governing the course of events or not - seems to underlie the choice between SG and PL.

Number and the Mass–Count Distinction

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-64
Author(s):  
Alan Bale
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Count Nouns ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Plural Marking ◽  
Syntactic Properties

This chapter reviews the connections between number marking (specifically, singular and plural marking) and the mass–count distinction. It explores how different semantic theories of number marking interact with various ontological theories of the mass–count distinction. It also discusses a growing tension within the mass–count literature. On one hand, there are many semantic and syntactic similarities between mass nouns and plurals, which suggests that the two subcategories might have many features in common. On the other hand, verbal, auxiliary, and determiner agreement patterns suggest that mass nouns share certain syntactic properties with singular count nouns. Yet, singular count nouns and plural count nouns hardly share any properties in common, both in terms of their syntactic distribution and their semantic implications. The chapter discusses two potential resolutions to this growing tension.

scholarly journals DAKWAH DAN PENGEMBANGAN INTELEKTUALITAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhtadin Dg. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Public ◽  
Interesting Fact ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Da'wah and intellectualism have a close relationship with each other. On one hand, Islamic preaching must be conveyed in a professional way, and on the other hand, it requires the incolvement of the intellecuals as a community at the forefront of missionary activity. There are two categories of intellectuals: first, Ulul Albab, the intellectuals who are able to draw conclusions, lessons and warnings from the Quran, historical events and phenomena. Second, ulama who has the same duties as the intellectual, whose task is to observe the whole teachings of Islam, interpret and convey them to the public, as well as to build a civilization. Intellectualis and Muslim scholars, both as the subject and object of Islamic preaching, is an interesting fact to be studied in order to create such packagings of Islamic preaching as materials, methods and media that are effective to establish the best people and happiness in the afterlife.

scholarly journals Interpretasi Hermeneutika: Meneropong Diskursus Seni Memahami Melalui Lensa Filsafat Modern dan Postmodern

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
Antono Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject

The verb "to  understand" is not only frequently misinterpreted but also epistemically does not even have the attention from society. In addition, the gap between the object that is understood and the understanding subject is getting wider. The term “understand” is identical with hermeneutics and it becomes an interesting discourse among the philosophers in which it is made to minimize the gap of misunderstanding between subject and object. Modern philosophers such as F.D.E. Schleiermacher, who succeeded in releasing hermeneutical discipline from the theological context into the philosophical context, focused on the aspect of textuality to achieve the objectivity. W.C.L. Dilthey, also a modern philosopher, succeeded in developing the hermeneutics from his predecessors by emphasizing reproductivity in attempt to have re- experience not only from the outer dimensions but also the inner dimensions of an object. While the modern philosophers emphasized the attainment of the objectivity, on the other hand, the postmodern philosophers such as Gadamer and Heidegger critically shifted their attainment to the  realm  of  the  subjectivity.  Furthermore,  if  Heidegger  departs  from  phenomenology- ontological   perspective   which   centered   on   humans   as   the  subject,   Gadamer  with   his philosophical hermeneutics succeeds in restoring the concept of abstraction to the social sciences along with expanding the range of paradigm. These four philosophers have successfully made a significant  impact  in  responding  to  the  social  phenomena  that  are  often  disturbing  the civilization. Thus, hermeneutic interpretation becomes important to be used in order to minimize the occurrence of social conflict as well as to maximize the realization of universal humanism.

scholarly journals The Vocative Case: Romanian versus Latin

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ioana Costa
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Other Hand

The vocative is a residuary case in most Indo-European languages, mirroring a particular Proto-Indo-European status. Its syntactical function is preserved in the descendant languages, but the morphological aspects are strongly simplified. In Latin, not unlike the cognate languages, the general tendency is toward a formal overlapping with the nominative case. The Romanian vocative is, in the Romance frame, surprisingly multifarious. It displays four distinct variants: desinence and intonation; desinence, intonation and prolongation of the final vowel; intonation and vowel prolongation; solely intonation. Old Romanian texts attest the tendency of gradually replacing the vocative form with the nominative form, perceived as more expressive. On the other hand, there is an observable development of the formal marks specific to this syntactical function; these marks are only partially inherited from Latin. In nowadays Romanian language the formal specificity of the vocative case is not diminishing – on the contrary, some colloquial vocative forms (not yet acceptable in the frame of the linguistic norm) emphasize an unambiguous linguistic will to maintain this case, while the general tendency is to reduce as much as possible the differences between the actual two cases of the Romanian language, nominative-accusative and genitive-dative.

Swahili coordinated infinitives and non-canonical case-marking

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Riedel ◽  
Mark de Vos
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Agreement

AbstractSwahili exhibits a construction where a tensed and an infinitival clause are coordinated. This is an example of “unbalanced” coordination insofar as one verb is tensed and the other is not. Furthermore, the licensing of an overt subject in the infinitival clause problematizes Case Theory because infinitival clauses do not assign nominative case. The construction is also puzzling because although it bears some characteristics of pseudo-coordination it also has properties reminiscent of true coordination. Despite the theoretical questions this raises, the construction has not been adequately addressed in the literature: to our knowledge, this paper presents the first-ever theoretical analysis of this construction. We argue that the conjuncts are at least coordinated AgrSPs (the subject agreement phrase) dominated by TP (the tense phrase) which licenses case-marked subjects in both conjuncts.

scholarly journals Funicularity in elastic domes: Coupled effects of shape and thickness

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Federico Accornero ◽  
Alberto Carpinteri
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Work ◽  
Static Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Curved Beams ◽  
Shells Of Revolution ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Virtual Work Principle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract An historical overview is presented concerning the theory of shell structures and thin domes. Early conjectures proposed, among others, by French, German, and Russian Authors are discussed. Static and kinematic matrix operator equations are formulated explicitly in the case of shells of revolution and thin domes. It is realized how the static and kinematic matrix operators are one the ad-joint of the other, and, on the other hand, it can be rigorously demonstrated through the definition of stiffness matrix and the application of virtual work principle. In this context, any possible omission present in the previous approaches becomes evident. As regards thin shells of revolution (thin domes), the elastic problem results to be internally statically-determinate, in analogy to the case of curved beams, being characterized by a system of two equilibrium equations in two unknowns. Thus, the elastic solution can be obtained just based on the equilibrium equations and independently of the shape of the membrane itself. The same cannot be affirmed for the unidimensional elements without ‚exural stiffness (ropes). Generally speaking, the static problem of elastic domes is governed by two parameters, the constraint reactions being assumed to be tangential to meridians at the dome edges: the shallowness ratio and the thickness of the dome. On the other hand, when the dome thickness tends to zero, the funicularity emerges and prevails, independently of the shallowness ratio or the shape of the dome. When the thickness is finite, an optimal shape is demonstrated to exist, which minimizes the flexural regime if compared to the membrane one.

Similarity of mirative and contrastive focus: three parameters for describing attention markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Yliniemi
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Knowledge Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract This article addresses the heretofore unacknowledged similarity of mirative-like and contrastive-focus-like functions by describing data from Denjongke (Tibetic, sip), Bih (Chamic, Vietnam, ibh) and Nepali (Indo-Aryan, nep). The similarity between mirative-like and contrastive-focus-like functions in the aforementioned languages is captured by the notion of something being brought to the forefront of attention. Mirative-like semantics are shown to be epiphenomenal to attention-oriented phenomena, and the functional domain in which the morphemes operate is shown to be attention rather than knowledge structure. The morphemes in the study are described in terms of three parameters, which are put forward as potentially useful tools for describing similar morphemes in other languages: speaker versus addressee orientation, clausal versus phrasal scope, and anaphoric versus cataphoric use. The first two parameters form a fourfold table in which the heuristically named “mirative-like function” has clausal scope and is speaker-oriented (i.e. speaker signals that something has come to the forefront of their attention). “Contrastive-focus-like function”, on the other hand, has phrasal scope and is addressee-oriented (i.e. speaker intends to bring something to the forefront of the addressee’s attention). Cognitively, contrastive-focus-like function is shown to establish joint attention.

scholarly journals Plotinus and Aristotle on the Simplicity of the Divine Intellect

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Greig
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Principle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

Aristotle and Plotinus both demonstrate the existence of a first principle as cause of the existence of all things. Aristotle puts forward that this first principle is a divine intellect which thinks on itself, and in being the highest being in complete actuality and without potentiality, it is also absolutely simple. Plotinus, on the other hand, sees reason to assert that the divine intellect can not be absolutely simple but a duality of some sort. Thus for Plotinus the first principle, as a cause of unity for all things, must be beyond the divine intellect and beyond being as an absolutely simple principle. Comparing Plotinus to Aristotle, Plotinus’ position appears odd at the outset given that he also holds to the divine intellect being completely in act and that it thinks on itself. Why thinking should be dual even when it is self-referential and unified in its activity is not apparent, and so Aristotle’s position seems the more coherent one. Yet, through an analysis of both positions, this dissertation proposes that Plotinus better accounts for the problem of self-intellection as requiring some form of distinction in thought while maintaining an identity between the subject and object of thought. If absolute simplicity is an essential attribute to being the first principle, Plotinus’ position is ultimately more consistent in positing a first principle beyond the divine intellect while also holding to a more coherent understanding of thinking with his understanding of divine intellect as a duality instead of an absolute simplicity.[MSc thesis for the University of Edinburgh, completed Aug. 14, 2013.][This is an early work that I am interested to revise and update further, especially in light of recent papers on the issue in Plotinus. I welcome any feedback or comments.]

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