Similarity of mirative and contrastive focus: three parameters for describing attention markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Yliniemi
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
Knowledge Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract This article addresses the heretofore unacknowledged similarity of mirative-like and contrastive-focus-like functions by describing data from Denjongke (Tibetic, sip), Bih (Chamic, Vietnam, ibh) and Nepali (Indo-Aryan, nep). The similarity between mirative-like and contrastive-focus-like functions in the aforementioned languages is captured by the notion of something being brought to the forefront of attention. Mirative-like semantics are shown to be epiphenomenal to attention-oriented phenomena, and the functional domain in which the morphemes operate is shown to be attention rather than knowledge structure. The morphemes in the study are described in terms of three parameters, which are put forward as potentially useful tools for describing similar morphemes in other languages: speaker versus addressee orientation, clausal versus phrasal scope, and anaphoric versus cataphoric use. The first two parameters form a fourfold table in which the heuristically named “mirative-like function” has clausal scope and is speaker-oriented (i.e. speaker signals that something has come to the forefront of their attention). “Contrastive-focus-like function”, on the other hand, has phrasal scope and is addressee-oriented (i.e. speaker intends to bring something to the forefront of the addressee’s attention). Cognitively, contrastive-focus-like function is shown to establish joint attention.

scholarly journals Clitic or Agreement Restriction in Santali: A Typological Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33
Author(s):  
Mayuri J. DILIP ◽  
Rajesh KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Object Agreement ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feature Checking

This paper investigates the syntactic configuration of pronominal number marking in Santali. Syntactic, morphological and prosodic restrictions show that pronominal number markers have properties of an affix as well as a clitic. A marker is an affix due to the fact that it cannot participate in a binding relation with other arguments. A pronominal number marker also functions as a clitic since it is attached to prosodically the most prominent constituent. The arguments that trigger object agreement do not manifest one particular case, but instead indicate a dissociation between a case and object agreement. On the other hand, the argument with subject agreement manifests nominative case only, indicating an association between nominative case and subject agreement. Both subject and object agreement are sensitive to case that indicates a property of an affix. Keeping in view the distribution of the pronominal number markers, we analyze feature checking of the two parameters, namely agreement and case in Santali.

Discourse-structuring functions of initial adverbials in English and Norwegian news and fiction

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Hasselgård
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
Initial Placement ◽  
Discourse Functions

This paper explores the discourse-structuring functions of initial adverbial adjuncts in English and Norwegian news and fiction. Such discourse functions have to do with discourse linking and information management. The corpus study reveals frequency differences in the use of initial adjuncts across the languages, which are to some extent connected with an overall greater frequency of adjuncts in Norwegian. While initial adjuncts in fiction often signal cohesive relations, those in news are more typically due to backgrounding of less important information or to framing/scene-setting for the clause message. Norwegian initial adjuncts are even less likely than English ones to convey new information; on the other hand, initial position is to a lesser extent associated with contrastive focus in Norwegian. This, together with the higher frequency of initial adjuncts in Norwegian, suggests that initial placement of adjuncts carries a lower degree of markedness in Norwegian than in English.

scholarly journals Why is L1 not easy to hear?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Shinobu Mizuguchi ◽  
Koichi Tateishi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pitch Contours ◽  
Fmri Experiment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

We naively believe that L1 is easier to hear than L2. Generally, this belief is correct, but not always. Japanese contrastive focus is more challenging to identify than English focus even for L1 speakers.  To account for why Japanese is hard to perceive, we first conducted production and perception experiments, to understand linguistic mechanisms.  We found that Japanese lacks a part of focus effects and is an acoustically weak language contra previous studies. English, on the other hand, is an acoustically strong language and uses the F0 feature as a focus cue. We then conducted an fMRI experiment to see whether or not linguistic mechanisms for them are implemented in the brain. We found that we employ different neural networks to process English and Japanese; the right dorsolateral frontal cortex is activated to process Japanese CF, but not English CF. Japanese is a pitch language and requires processing both lexical accents and pitch contours. English, on the other hand, needs to process lexical accent only, and it activates left superior temporal gyrus, insular, and supramargical regions, but not right dorsolateral frontal cortex. We conclude that processing burdens lead to perception difficulty, even for L1 Japanese speakers.

Attention marker =ɕo in Denjongke (Sikkimese Bhutia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Yliniemi
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Other Hand

This paper describes the attention marker =ɕo in Denjongke, a Tibetic language spoken in Sikkim, India. The presence of the attention marker, which may be either speaker or addressee-oriented, indicates that something is brought to the forefront of the speaker’s or the addressee’s attention. The attention marker =ɕo occurs in declarative uses postposed to a verb, and in interrogative uses postposed to other parts of speech (verbless uses). The attention in verbal uses, which resemble the notion “mirativity”, is either speaker or addressee-oriented, whereas verbless uses, which resemble the notion “contrastive focus”, are always addressee-oriented. When occurring with copulas, the function of =ɕo as either speaker or addressee-oriented is partly dependent on the evidentiality of the copulas. With other verbs, the orientation of =ɕo is dependent on other contextual factors. After describing the verbal and verbless uses of =ɕo, the article concludes by showing why the categories focus and mirativity are problematic for describing =ɕo. Existing definitions of mirativity by DeLancey (1997), Peterson (2013), Dickinson (2000), Hyslop (2011b), Hengeveld & Olbertz (2012) and Aikhenvald (2012) are shown to fail to accommodate the range of uses of =ɕo. The concept of attention, on the other hand, not only describes the Denjongke data more comprehensively but also helps understand the interface between mirative-like and focus-like phenomena. The last section illustrates the similarity of =ɕo to exclusively addressee-oriented morphemes in Nepali, Japanese (Davis 2011) and Ingush (Nichols 2011), suggesting that the concept of attention may prove useful for describing exclusively addressee-oriented phenomena, which have rarely been associated with “mirativity”.

Panizzi, Lubetzky and Google: How the Modern Web Environment is Reinventing the Theory of Cataloguing

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Grant Campbell ◽  
Karl V. Fast
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Knowledge Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Web Environment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Web Search Engines

This paper uses cataloguing theory to interpret the partial results of an exploratory study of university students using Web search engines and Web-based OPACs. The participants expressed frustration with the OPAC; while they sensed that it was “organized,” they were unable to exploit that organization, and attributed their failure to the inadequacy of their own skills. In the Google searches, on the other hand, students were getting support traditionally advocated in catalogue design. Google gave them starting points: resources that broadly addressed their requirements, enabling them to get a greater sense of the knowledge structure that would help them to increase their precision in subsequent searches.Cette étude utilise la théorie du catalogage pour interpréter les résultats partiels d'une recherche exploratoire d'étudiants universitaires utilisant les moteurs de recherche Web et les catalogues publics en ligne. Les participants ont exprimé leur frustration envers les catalogues publics en ligne. Bien qu'ils percevaient que les catalogues sont "organisés", ils ont été incapables d’utiliser cette organisation et ont attribué leur échec au manque d'adaptation de leurs propres capacités. Lors de recherches avec Google, d'autre part, les étudiants ont reçu l’assistance traditionnellement proposée dans la conception d’un catalogue. Google leur a donné des points de départ : ressources qui répondent largement à leurs besoins, leur permettant ainsi d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension de la structure des connaissances qui pourraient les aider par la suite à augmenter leur précision lors de recherche. 

scholarly journals Funicularity in elastic domes: Coupled effects of shape and thickness

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Federico Accornero ◽  
Alberto Carpinteri
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Work ◽  
Static Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Curved Beams ◽  
Shells Of Revolution ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Virtual Work Principle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract An historical overview is presented concerning the theory of shell structures and thin domes. Early conjectures proposed, among others, by French, German, and Russian Authors are discussed. Static and kinematic matrix operator equations are formulated explicitly in the case of shells of revolution and thin domes. It is realized how the static and kinematic matrix operators are one the ad-joint of the other, and, on the other hand, it can be rigorously demonstrated through the definition of stiffness matrix and the application of virtual work principle. In this context, any possible omission present in the previous approaches becomes evident. As regards thin shells of revolution (thin domes), the elastic problem results to be internally statically-determinate, in analogy to the case of curved beams, being characterized by a system of two equilibrium equations in two unknowns. Thus, the elastic solution can be obtained just based on the equilibrium equations and independently of the shape of the membrane itself. The same cannot be affirmed for the unidimensional elements without ‚exural stiffness (ropes). Generally speaking, the static problem of elastic domes is governed by two parameters, the constraint reactions being assumed to be tangential to meridians at the dome edges: the shallowness ratio and the thickness of the dome. On the other hand, when the dome thickness tends to zero, the funicularity emerges and prevails, independently of the shallowness ratio or the shape of the dome. When the thickness is finite, an optimal shape is demonstrated to exist, which minimizes the flexural regime if compared to the membrane one.

Effects of seven different oestrogen sulphates on uterine growth and on progesterone receptor in the foetal uterus of guinea pig after administration to the mother

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pasqualini ◽  
A. Lanzone ◽  
A. Tahri-Joutei ◽  
B. L. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Binding Sites ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract. The biological effect of seven different oestrogen sulphates: oestrone-3-sulphate (E1-3-S), oestradiol-3-sulphate (E2-3-S), oestradiol-17-sulphate (E2-17-S), oestradiol-3,17-disulphate (E23,17-DS), oestriol-3-sulphate (E3-3-S), oestriol-17-sulphate (E3-17-S), oestriol-3,16,17-trisulphate (E3-3,16,17-TS), was studied in the foetal uterus of guinea pig (55–65 days of gestation) after sc administration for 3 consecutive days of each sulphate to the mother. On day 4, two response parameters were investigated, the uterotrophic effect and the action on the progesterone receptor. The monosulphates at the C3 position of the oestrogens (E1-3-S, E2-3-S and E3-3-S) provoked an increase in uterine weight of 1.9–2.4 times in relation to the non-treated animals. These oestrogen sulphates also very significantly stimulated the number of progesterone specific binding sites, 7–10 times in relation to the non-treated animals. On the other hand, when the sulphate was at C17 of the oestrogens (E2-17-S, E3-17-S, E2-3, 17-DS, E3-3,16,17-TS), very little or no effect on the foetal uterus was observed on the two parameters studied. It is concluded that oestrogen (oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol) sulphates in position C3 can be involved in the biological response to the hormone and it is suggested that the effect is carried out after the hydrolysis of the sulphate. On the other hand, sulphates in C17 are not hydrolysed and no significant biological effects were observed in the uterine growth or in the progesterone receptor.

Exploring the Origins, Uses, and Interactions of Student Intuitions: Comparing the Lengths of Paths

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-504
Author(s):  
Ming Ming Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Knowledge Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Students ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Everyday Experiences

Sixteen middle school students ranked the lengths of various paths in two audiotaped problem-solving interviews. Every student invoked at least one of four intuitions that originated from their everyday experiences: compression, detour, complexity, and straightness. After their intuitions proved inadequate in the pretest, they were taught an applicable algorithm. However, they used their intuitions again during the posttest before applying the instructed algorithm. The reuse of the inadequate intuitions demonstrates their robustness and their continued higher cueing priority despite the presence of the successful algorithm. When students applied multiple intuitions that conflicted, they often vacillated. Eventually, most students chose one. Nevertheless, they continued using the rejected intuition to compare other paths. As a result, their problem solving suggests that their intuitions are sparsely connected fragments. On the other hand, when intuitions support a common conclusion, students may integrate them to create a larger knowledge structure.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document