Phytochemical analyses, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effect of methanol stem bark extract of Vitex doniana (sweet) in mice

This study investigated the oral acute toxicity (LD50), anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effects of the methanol stem bark extract of Vitex doniana (MSVD) in mice. The anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effects were assessed using standard protocols. The phytoconstituents in MSVD was quantified. The MSVD was further analysed using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and Fourier Transform Infra red (FTIR) fingerprints. The LD50 was > 5000 mg/kg suggesting its safety. The MSVD (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the percentage open arm entry and duration on elevated plus maze as well as reduced the anxiety index as indexed from the open arm avoidance index indicating an anti-anxiety effect. Subsequently, MSVD significantly (p<0.05) increased the percentage alternation reduced by scopolamine consistent with anti-amnesic effect. The phytoconstituents estimation of MSVD showed abundance of flavonoids. The UV-VIS spectra corresponded to the presence of flavonoid, phenolic acid derivatives and terpenoids while the FTIR revealed the presence of amine, hydroxyl, alkane, carboxylic, amide, ether, aromatic and carbonyl functional groups among others in MSVD. This study therefore, concluded that flavonoids, either in synergy or additive with other phytocompounds in MSVB may be responsible for the observed anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effects elicited by MSVD in this study.

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SCREENING OF STEM BARK EXTRACT OF BAUHINIA VARIEGATA LINN. FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.32553/jbpr.v9i3.751 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Shubham S. Gawas ◽

M.H.S. Godinho

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Stress Model ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Bauhinia Variegata ◽

Dunnett's Test

Bauhinia variegata named orchid tree, belongs to the family leguminosae. The methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (MEBV) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. Various CNS models were used to find out the antianxiety activity of Bauhinia variegata. The study was designed to evaluate the antianxiety activity of stem bark extract of Bauhinia variegata. The effect of dried stem bark of Bauhinia variegata (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated using Elevated Plus Maze, Light and Dark Box, Restrained Stress Model and Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test using a wistar albino rats (n=6) and was statistically analyzed using ONE WAY Annova followed by Dunnett’s test. Oral administration of the methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) showed significant increase in %OAE and %TSOA values for EPM, NEL and TSL values in Light and Dark Box, Restrained Stress Model showed significant increase in %OAE and %TSOA and NEL and TSL values. Novelty suppressed feeding behaivior test showed significantly lower values for latency to feed.From the present study it may be concluded that among both the test groups, MEBV at a dose of 400 mg/kg was found to possess significant anti-anxiety activity. Keywords: EPM- Elevated Plus Maze, NEL- Number of Entries in Light, TSL- Time spent in light.

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Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Maerua angolensis DC. Stem Bark Extract in Mice

Depression Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2018/1537371 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Charles Kwaku Benneh ◽

Robert Peter Biney ◽

Donatus Wewura Adongo ◽

Priscilla Kolibea Mante ◽

Felix Agyei Ampadu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Traditional Remedy ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Introduction. The stem bark extract of Maerua angolensis DC. (Capparaceae) is used as a traditional remedy for management of anxiety, psychosis, and epilepsy. Aim of the Study. We therefore aimed at evaluating the anxiolytic and antidepressant potential of the plant in mice models. Methods. The dried stem bark was extracted with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (50:50) mixture to obtain the extract, MAE. We employed Irwin’s test to identify the preliminary behavioral and autonomic effects. Subsequently, MAE was administered per os to male mice and subsequently assessed, 1 h later, for anxiety parameters in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the regular Suok tests. The forced swim (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests were employed to assess the antidepressant potential of the extract (100-1000 mg kg−1). Results. In our preliminary assay, MAE (100-5000 mg/kg) exhibited analgesic effects and a reduction in fear response in the Irwin’s test. The spontaneous locomotor activity was reduced at 1000 mg/kg. Additionally, MAE (1000 mg/kg) increased the latency to PTZ-induced convulsions, and duration to sleep in the pentobarbitone induced sleeping time assay. MAE (1000 mg/kg), similar to diazepam, in the anxiolytic assay, increased the percentage time spent in the open arms while decreasing protected head dips and unprotected stretch attend postures in the EPM. Correspondingly, there was a reduction in anxiety-induced immobility and freezing in the Suok test (300 mg/kg) without loss of sensorimotor coordination. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in immobility duration in the FST (300 mg/kg) and TST (1000 mg/kg). Conclusion. The petroleum ether/ethyl acetate fractions of Maerua angolensis stem bark possess anxiolytic and acute antidepressant effects in mice.

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28 Days Sub Acute Toxicity Studies of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretacea) in Rats

Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science ◽

10.4314/sokjmls.v6i3.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 65-73

Author(s):

Abubakar Kabiru ◽

Usman Aminu ◽

Yerima Musa ◽

Muhammad Abubakar Amali ◽

Samaila Hassan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety profile of Combretum hypopilinum stem bark extracted with Methanol (70%v/v). Preliminary Phytochemical screening of the crude methanol stem bark extract was carried out, and revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids. Initial oral acute toxicity test was carried out using the Limit Dose Test to ascertain the safety of the extract in rats. Sub-acute toxicity testing was conducted by 28 days oral administration of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg body weight to three groups of ten rats. The fourth group was administered distilled water 10 ml/kg. No major changes were observed in body weight of the animals following 28 days of daily oral administration. Biochemical parameters such as Total Protein, Total Bilirubin, Creatinine, Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT), were found to be within normal ranges. The levels of marker enzymes in the vital organs did not show any significant changes between control and treated groups. Histopathological examination of the major vital organs (liver, brain, and kidney) revealed no significant pathological changes in the treated groups of rats. The results of the present work suggested that the methanol stem bark extract of Combretum hypopilinum is relatively safe for use at the tested doses.

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Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies on Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.9734/ajbgmb/2020/v6i430160 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

S. Salihu ◽

C. A. Otitolaiye ◽

M. U. Hizbullah

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

Aim: Frankincense tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Kenaf (H. cannabinus) are plants abundantly found in north-western Nigeria. These plants are very popular among the locals as potent sources of ethno medicine. The present study investigates the oral acute toxicity potentials of methanolic stem bark extract of frankincense tree and Kenaf leaves, as well as sub-chronic toxicity potentials of the plants extracts on the kidney and liver of Albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between September 2019 and November 2019 at Biochemistry laboratory, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: For the oral acute toxicity study, the revised “Up and Down” test (Limit Dose Test) was used to determine the LD50 of the extracts. For sub-chronic toxicity study, twenty albino rats were used for each plant, and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), Group II (received 200 mg extract/kg body weight), Group III (received 400 mg extract/kg body weight) and Group IV (received 800 mg extract/kg body weight). All administrations were given orally for 28 days. Liver and kidney markers were determined using standard methods. Result: The oral acute toxicity test of the plant extracts at 3000 mg/kg body weight showed no mortality for 24 hours and subsequent 14days of administration. LD50 for both plants is therefore greater than 3000 mg/kg. The result shows no significant differences (p > 0.05) on liver and kidney function biomarkers investigated when Group II, III and IV are compared with control. Conclusion: This suggests that Frankincense stem bark and kenaf leaves extracts may be safe in rats at doses less than or equal 3000 mg/kg.

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Contraceptive Activity of Vitex doniana Stem Bark Methanol Extract in Female Albino Rats

International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review ◽

10.9734/ijbcrr/2021/v30i330254 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja ◽

Ibrahim Sani ◽

Abdulhamid Zubairu

Keyword(s):

Methanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Modern Contraceptive ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Control Serum ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Vitex Doniana ◽

Hormonal Assay

Aims: The acceptability and accessibility of modern contraceptive drugs are limited especially in northern Nigeria. These contraceptives also have numerous side effects hence there is need to search for safe natural alternatives from medicinal plants. This research was aimed at evaluating the contraceptive effect of stem bark methanol extract of Vitex doniana in female albino rats. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Between August 2019 to July 2020. Methodology: Vitex doniana stem bark was extracted with methanol and the extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity (LD50) of V. doniana stem bark extract was determined using up and down method and anti-fertility effect was evaluated via (anti-ovulation, anti-implantation and serum hormonal assay). Results: The results for phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycoside, balsam and volatile oil. The LD50 of the extract was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg as no mortality or any sign of toxicity are recorded within 14 days. The anti-fertility studies, methanol stem bark extract of Vitex doniana showed anti-ovulation activity through alteration of estrous cycle, changes in the histology of ovarian corpus luteum and decreasing number of follicles of extract treatment groups compared to control. Serum hormonal assay showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in oestrogen and progesterone level respectively in the extract treated groups compared to control group. Also, anti-implantation effect was observed in drug treated group (levenogesterel) and group treated with 400 mg/kg of V. doniana stem bark as there was no evidence of conception. Conclusion: The present study revealed that methanol stem bark extract of Vitex doniana is relatively nontoxic at acute dose and possess a moderate amount of antifertility agent.

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