scholarly journals Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies on Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
S. Salihu ◽  
C. A. Otitolaiye ◽  
M. U. Hizbullah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

Aim: Frankincense tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Kenaf (H. cannabinus) are plants abundantly found in north-western Nigeria. These plants are very popular among the locals as potent sources of ethno medicine. The present study investigates the oral acute toxicity potentials of methanolic stem bark extract of frankincense tree and Kenaf leaves, as well as sub-chronic toxicity potentials of the plants extracts on the kidney and liver of Albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between September 2019 and November 2019 at Biochemistry laboratory, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: For the oral acute toxicity study, the revised “Up and Down” test (Limit Dose Test) was used to determine the LD50 of the extracts. For sub-chronic toxicity study, twenty albino rats were used for each plant, and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), Group II (received 200 mg extract/kg body weight), Group III (received 400 mg extract/kg body weight) and Group IV (received 800 mg extract/kg body weight). All administrations were given orally for 28 days. Liver and kidney markers were determined using standard methods. Result: The oral acute toxicity test of the plant extracts at 3000 mg/kg body weight showed no mortality for 24 hours and subsequent 14days of administration. LD50 for both plants is therefore greater than 3000 mg/kg. The result shows no significant differences (p > 0.05) on liver and kidney function biomarkers investigated when Group II, III and IV are compared with control. Conclusion: This suggests that Frankincense stem bark and kenaf leaves extracts may be safe in rats at doses less than or equal 3000 mg/kg.

scholarly journals 28 Days Sub Acute Toxicity Studies of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretacea) in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Abubakar Kabiru ◽  
Usman Aminu ◽  
Yerima Musa ◽  
Muhammad Abubakar Amali ◽  
Samaila Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety profile of Combretum hypopilinum stem bark extracted with Methanol (70%v/v). Preliminary Phytochemical screening of the crude methanol stem bark extract was carried out, and revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids. Initial oral acute toxicity test was carried out using the Limit Dose Test to ascertain the safety of the extract in rats. Sub-acute toxicity testing was conducted by 28 days oral administration of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg body weight to three groups of ten rats. The fourth group was administered distilled water 10 ml/kg. No major changes were observed in body weight of the animals following 28 days of daily oral administration. Biochemical parameters such as Total Protein, Total Bilirubin, Creatinine, Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT), were found to be within normal ranges. The levels of marker enzymes in the vital organs did not show any significant changes between control and treated groups. Histopathological examination of the major vital organs (liver, brain, and kidney) revealed no significant pathological changes in the treated groups of rats. The results of the present work suggested that the methanol stem bark extract of Combretum hypopilinum is relatively safe for use at the tested doses.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Histopathological Effect of Detarium microcarpum Stem Bark Extract in Wistar Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abubakar Bilyamini Mu’azu ◽  
Yusif Bello Baba ◽  
Adamu Idris Matinja
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cardiac Muscle Cells ◽  
Hepatocellular Necrosis ◽  
Detarium Microcarpum ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Histopathological Studies

Aim: In this study, the methanol stem bark extract of Detarium microcarpum was evaluated for sub-chronic, biochemical and histopathological studies. Methodology: Sub-chronic toxicity studies was investigated in rats administered with 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg doses of the extract orally for 28 days using standard laboratory procedures after the acute toxicity was carried out. Results: The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be equal to (≥) 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats orally. Serological studies revealed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at all doses tested, while at 140 mg/kg it caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). At doses of 70 and 140 mg/kg there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in creatinine level. Histopathological studies on the liver showed moderate hepatocellular necrosis at doses of 35 and 70 mg/kg, while at 140 mg/kg there was intense hepatocellular necrosis,  Kupffer cells and lymphocytes hyperplasia. The Kidney showed intense necrosis of tubules and glomerular necrosis with lymphocytes hyperplasia at all doses tested.  The spleen also showed intense lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses with sinusoidal congestion at the lowest dose of 35 mg/kg. The heart showed slight necrosis of cardiac muscle cells at all doses with blood congestion at 35 and 70mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: The study indicates that prolong use of the extract in the management of disease conditions may be associated with some adverse effect of some vital organs.

scholarly journals Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract ofNyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn.

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti ◽  
Paresh Pradhan ◽  
Sudarshana Borah ◽  
Kabita Mahato ◽  
Mritunjay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Stem bark ofNyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn. was extracted in methanol to evaluate their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic activity was determined on Wistar albino rats by hot plate method, tail flick assay, and tail immersion method using Morphine sulphate as standard drug at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight and the results were expressed as mean increase in latency after drug administration ± SEM. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by Carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema using diclofenac sodium as standard drug at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight and expressed in terms of mean increase in paw volume ± SEM. Stem bark extract was given at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of body weight. Both standard drugs and extract were administered orally to the animals. Control received distilled water orally. Results showed thatNyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn. had potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF THE HYDRO-METHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF BURKEA AFRICANA IN ALBINO RATS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terhemen Festus Swem ◽  
Patrick Emeka Aba ◽  
Samuel Chukwuneke Udem ◽  
Victor Masekaven Ahur ◽  
Fidelis Aondover Gberindyer
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Somatic Index

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the sub-acute toxicity profile of hydro-methanol extract of Burkea africana  (BA) stem bark in rats. Methods: The stem bark of BA was extracted by cold maceration using 80% methanol. Twenty female albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 (only distilled water). Groups 2-4 received the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) orally, once daily for 28 days. The rats were observed for signs of toxicity and the bodyweight (b.wt) of rats taken weekly. Blood samples were collected on day 28 for hematology and serum chemistry. Visceral organs were harvested for organ-somatic index and histopathology. Results: There were no toxicity signs observed and no significant (p< 0.05) change in body weight but the pulmo-somatic index was significantly (p< 0.05) higher at 400 mg/kg compared with the control and other treated groups. Significant (p< 0.05) increase in PCV, RBC, and MCV and significant (p< 0.05) decrease in MCHC, Total WBC count, neutrophils and lymphocytes were observed. Also, there were significant (p< 0.05) decreases in ALT, total protein, globulin, total bilirubin of test groups when compared with the control group. Urea concentration of test groups significantly (p< 0.05) increased when compared with that of the control group. Conclusions: BA stem bark extract can be said to have no deleterious effect on erythrocyte, but rather serve to improve erythropoiesis and also has no overt toxic effect on the visceral organs. Also the extract may have immunosuppressive and oxidative tendencies on prolong use.                                   Peer Review History: Received 12 January 2021; Revised 3 February; Accepted 25 February, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, [email protected] Taha A.I. El Bassossy,  Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]   Similar Articles: PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF RUSSELIA EQUISETIFORMIS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS EFFECTS OF RAW AND COOKED AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS) ON RENAL FUNCTION IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA STEM BARK ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, SERUM AND TISSUE LIPIDS IN A PRECLINICAL MODEL

scholarly journals Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Cola millenii Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanre B. ADEWUMI ◽  
Faith I. AKINNIBOSUN
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Higher Doses

In the present study, the toxicity of monkey kola (Cola millenii) leaf and stem bark extracts were investigated in laboratory animals. The rats were orally administered with the plant extracts at gradual doses of 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 3,500 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg b.w. and were closely monitored for 24 h. In sub-acute toxicity, the animals were given 1,000 mg/kg b.w. and 2,500 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. Thereafter, the effect of the extracts on the weight and haematological parameters of the rats were determined. The rats did not show any symptoms of toxicity throughout the experiment. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, starting from week two, the groups administered with 1,000 mg/kg and 2,500 mg/kg stem bark extract had significant (p ≤ 0.05) lower weight compared with the other groups. In the haematological assay, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the RBC and platelet counts as well as PCV, haemoglobin, urea, cholesterol, creatinine, LDL, HDL and AST level of all the groups given the extract in comparison with the control. Albeit, the level of white blood cells count, was higher in the treated groups compared with the control with concomitant significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the ALT and ALP levels of the animals treated with the extracts compared with the control. Results show that Cola millenii leaf and stem bark extracts are safe for oral use, although, at higher doses, stem bark extract may cause liver damage.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Andira inermis stem bark extract for hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects’

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Osaronowen Egua ◽  
Florence Chimezie Nwinyi ◽  
Ode Julius Okwoche ◽  
Onakpa Micheal Monday ◽  
Akande Motunrayo Ganiyat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Abstract Background The aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis(A. inermis) stem bark was screened for phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, acute oral toxicity, and preliminary prophylactic normoglycaemic test and effect on Oral Glucose Tolerance in albino rats. Methods Andira inermis was double macerated and extracted with 80% methanol. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity were performed using standard methods. The extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging spectrophotometric assays. Prophylactic control of glucose was evaluated in normoglycaemic and glucose-challenged albino rats. Graded test doses (100–400 mg/kg body weight) of the extract were used in the investigation. The effects observed were compared with that of glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg) and distilled water control groups. Results The stem bark extract of A. inermis was found to contain saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, flavanoids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and alkaloids. The extract was found to have a significant in vitro antioxidant activity in both methods. The oral acute toxicity study showed the extract had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. The extract significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic animal model (the control group seen to have − 5.6(− 8.7%) poor glucose handling; and the glibenclamide& extract treatment group (100 mg/kg) to positively reduce blood glucose 14.8(26.8%) & 16.4(25.9%) respectively). The glucose challenged test, from the 1st hour, showed − 57.4(− 89.4%),-26.8(− 33.8%),-23.8(− 26.3%),-12.8(− 13.9%) and − 9.8(− 10.4%) for the vehicle control, glibenclamide (positive control), and the 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg extract treatment groups respectively. The extract showed mild hypoglycemic effect in the results recorded, up to the 4th hour. Conclusion The results of this study elucidated that the aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis stem bark possessed potent antioxidant phyto-constituents with potential hypoglycaemic effects that could be explored for therapeutic use worldwide following isolation and characterization of the bioactive principles. And the results also authenticate the folklore use of the plant.

scholarly journals Effects of Ethanol Extract of Bridelia ferruginea (W.) on the Haematological and Histopathological Parameters in Swiss Albino Rats Infected with Salmonella typhi

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Busayo Temitope Akinyele ◽  
Ebenezer Oluyemi Dada
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Bridelia Ferruginea ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Aims: To study the effects of ethanol stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea on the hematological and histopathological parameters in Swiss albino rats infected with Salmonella typhi. Study Design: Experimental design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Between January, 2018 and June, 2018. Methodology: Fresh stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea was collected, dried, powered, and extracted using 70% ethanol. Twenty – seven rats of the same age between 90 -120 g in weight were selected and divided into 9 groups containing three each. The infectivity dose (ID) was determined with the clinical S. typhi. The dose of the B. ferruginea stem bark extract (50-5000 mg/kg) used in this study was administered orally for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, the rats fasted overnight. Then blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for haematological studies and thereafter sacrificed. Organs (liver and kidney) were excised for relative organ weight analysis and histopathological studies. Results: The infectious dose (ID) of S. typhi on experimental rats in this study was 3.2x106cfu/ml. The weights of liver and kidney in all groups under observation slightly increases (treated with ciprofloxacin and ethanol extract) when compared to the control(uninfected) except for the infected/treated where the weight was significantly reduced. However, The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Haemoglobin (Hb) of rats treated with a higher dose of the ethanol (5000mg/ml) extract increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared to the control(uninfected) while the infected but not treated reduced significantly(p<0.05) when compared with the uninfected, infected and treated with Ciprofloxacin and extract groups. The infected and untreated group has the highest reduction in red blood cell counts(RBC) with 3.40 g/l respectively which were significantly different at p  when compared to other treatment groups while a non-significant decrease was observed in the Red Blood Cell (RBC) of rats administered with various concentrations of ethanol extract and ciprofloxacin after treatment. White Blood Cells (WBC) of rats given the extract significantly reduced when compared with the control (un-infected) group while there was no significant difference in the lymphocyte count of rat administered the extract of B. ferruginea and ciprofloxacin. Neutrophils of rats in all groups significantly increased (p<0.05). However, the monocyte and eosinophil level were not significantly different from the control. There was dilation of sinusoids depletion separating the hepatic cord in place lined by kupffer cells and not necrosis with possible deposition of immunological materials observed in the liver of rats infected/treated with the extract at various concentrations. Similarly, there were loss of bowman capsule, severe karyolysis and several tubular drainages with possible deposition of immunological materials in the glomeruli basement of the kidney after treatment with the extract of B. ferruginea.  Conclusion: The stem bark ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea can be found relatively safe. However, excessive use might be toxic to the to the kidney and the liver.

scholarly journals Sub-chronic toxicity study of ethanol stem-bark extract of Blighia sapida (Sapindaceae) in wistar rats

Heliyon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e02801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Adekola ◽  
J.O. Areola ◽  
N.O. Omisore ◽  
F.T. Asaolu ◽  
S.G. Ogunleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Blighia Sapida

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF STEM-BARK EXTRACT OF OKOUBAKA AUBREVILLIE ON SOME VISCERAL ORGANS OF WISTAR RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Achukwu U Peter ◽  
Ufelle A Silas ◽  
Onyekwelu C Kenechukwu ◽  
Amadi N Millicent ◽  
Achukwu O Ngozika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Background: Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of herbal medicine; however, these herbs have not been properly evaluated to ascertain their effect on the body organs. Materials and Methods: Effects of stem bark extract of Okoubaka aubrevillie on some visceral organs were investigated in Wistar rats. For acute toxicity testing, Wistar rats (n=16), grouped into 4, (A-D) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract and deaths recorded within 24 hours. For sub-acute study, Wistar rats (n=20) grouped into 5, (A-E) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract for 31 days. Blood samples were collected from each rat through retro-orbital puncture for biochemical analysis. The liver, kidney and stomach were excised and processed for light microscopy. For toxin inhibition studies, Wistar rats (n=24) grouped into 6 (A-F), were used. Groups A-C and D-F orally received graded doses of Dichlorvos. Groups A-C further received Okoubaka aubrevillie extract while D-F received water and death records observed. Results: For acute toxicity testing, lethal dose (LD50) of 7500 mg/kg body weight was obtained from the inverse of the log-dose. Sub-acute studies revealed significantly elevated mean body weight in group A (210 ± 4.5 gram) compared to control (178 ± 5.0 gram), (p

PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Murtala M. Namadina ◽  
H. Haruna ◽  
U. Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

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