scholarly journals Contextual investigation of factors affecting sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines within Kampala slum areas, Uganda

Water SA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Ahamada Zziwa ◽  
Yvonne Lugali ◽  
Joshua Wanyama ◽  
Noble Banadda ◽  
Isa Kabenge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Slum Areas ◽  
Sludge Accumulation

scholarly journals Modeling sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala City, Uganda

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lugali Yvonne ◽  
Zziwa Ahamada ◽  
Banadda Noble ◽  
Wanyama Joshua ◽  
Kabenge Isa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Kampala City ◽  
Slum Areas ◽  
Sludge Accumulation

scholarly journals Postnatal care services and factors affecting its utilization in slum areas of Dhaka city

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Nilufar Yeasmin Nili
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Cultural Status ◽  
Mass Media Exposure ◽  
Slum Areas

Background and objectives: Maternal as well as infant mortality is high in Bangladesh. Utilization of post natal care (PNC) services is important to reduce maternal and infant mortality. Considering this matter, this study attempted to find out the level of PNC utilization by women living in slum areas of Dhaka city as well as to identify the factors associated with the utilization of PNC services. Methods: This study was conducted in Khilgaon and Rampura slums of Dhaka city. In each slum, women aged between 15-49 years who had given birth to at least one child were enrolled in the study by random sampling technique. Participants were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire which included information on socio-economic, demographic, cultural status as well as information on PNC service utilization. Results: Out of total 360 enrolled women in both slums, 58.6% utilized PNC services. The rate of utilization of PNC services was 55% and 62.2% in Khilgaon and Rampura slum respectively. Compared to 40-49 years age group, significantly (p<0.01) higher percentage of women aged <20, 20-29 and 30-39 years utilized PNC services (69.6%, 67.0% and 56.4% respectively). The significant associates of receiver of PNC were respondent’s education, number of antenatal care (ANC) received, level of tetanus vaccination, place of delivery, distance between home and clinic, mass media exposure, male participation and autonomy. Conclusion: Local socioeconomic and cultural aspects should be considered while planning intervention program to improve the utilization of PNC service. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2019; 13(2): 53-58

scholarly journals Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. WALKER ◽  
T. CARVALHO-PEREIRA ◽  
S. SERRANO ◽  
G. PEDRA ◽  
K. HACKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Calodium Hepaticum ◽  
Norway Rats ◽  
Slum Areas

SUMMARYUrban slum environments in the tropics are conducive to the proliferation and the spread of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens to humans. Calodium hepaticum (Brancroft, 1893) is a zoonotic nematode known to infect a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are considered the most important mammalian host of C. hepaticum and are therefore a potentially useful species to inform estimates of the risk to humans living in urban slum environments. There is a lack of studies systematically evaluating the role of demographic and environmental factors that influence both carriage and intensity of infection of C. hepaticum in rodents from urban slum areas within tropical regions. Carriage and the intensity of infection of C. hepaticum were studied in 402 Norway rats over a 2-year period in an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil. Overall, prevalence in Norway rats was 83% (337/402). Independent risk factors for C. hepaticum carriage in R. norvegicus were age and valley of capture. Of those infected the proportion with gross liver involvement (i.e. >75% of the liver affected, a proxy for a high level intensity of infection), was low (8%, 26/337). Sixty soil samples were collected from ten locations to estimate levels of environmental contamination and provide information on the potential risk to humans of contracting C. hepaticum from the environment. Sixty percent (6/10) of the sites were contaminated with C. hepaticum. High carriage levels of C. hepaticum within Norway rats and sub-standard living conditions within slum areas may increase the risk to humans of exposure to the infective eggs of C. hepaticum. This study supports the need for further studies to assess whether humans are becoming infected within this community and whether C. hepaticum is posing a significant risk to human health.

scholarly journals Utilization of antenatal services in urban slums of Jorhat municipality, Assam, India and the socio - demographic factors affecting it

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Syeda Jesmin Rahman ◽  
Anuradha Hazarika Medhi
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
One Year ◽  
Antenatal Services ◽  
Slum Areas

Background: Antenatal service is an important strategy for improvement of maternal and child health, reduction of maternal mortality and neonatal death. But mere presence of this service is not enough. Utilization of the antenatal service is the most important aspect and there are many socio demographic factors that influence the women for its utilization. The objective of the study is to assess the utilization of antenatal services in the urban slums of Jorhat municipality, Assam and the socio - demographic factors affecting it.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was done among women of the slum areas who had at least a child less than one year by using a pre structured and predesigned questionnaire.  Results: Adequate utilization of antenatal service was 19% while inadequate utilization was 66%. 74.2% of women had at least one dose of TT and 87.2 % consumed Iron and Folic Acid tablets for four months or more. Women who were high school and above had either adequate (13.2%) or inadequate utilization (81.1%) and only 5.7% of them did not have any antenatal service at all as compared to 37.5% among illiterates. Religion, caste, age of the women, parity did not have much role in its utilization. Among women from the joint families who did not have any antenatal service was only 4.8% as compared to 19.2% of women from nuclear families.  Conclusions: Majority of women had inadequate utilization of antenatal service in the slum areas and education played a very important role. Key words: Utilization, antenatal services, slum area.

scholarly journals Key biogeochemical factors affecting soil carbon storage in <i>Posidonia</i> meadows

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 4581-4594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Serrano ◽  
Aurora M. Ricart ◽  
Paul S. Lavery ◽  
Miguel Angel Mateo ◽  
Ariane Arias-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Sediment Content ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystems ◽  
Global Estimates ◽  
Biogeochemical Factors ◽  
Soil Accumulation

Abstract. Biotic and abiotic factors influence the accumulation of organic carbon (Corg) in seagrass ecosystems. We surveyed Posidonia sinuosa meadows growing in different water depths to assess the variability in the sources, stocks and accumulation rates of Corg. We show that over the last 500 years, P. sinuosa meadows closer to the upper limit of distribution (at 2–4 m depth) accumulated 3- to 4-fold higher Corg stocks (averaging 6.3 kg Corg m−2) at 3- to 4-fold higher rates (12.8 g Corg m−2 yr−1) compared to meadows closer to the deep limits of distribution (at 6–8 m depth; 1.8 kg Corg m−2 and 3.6 g Corg m−2 yr−1). In shallower meadows, Corg stocks were mostly derived from seagrass detritus (88 % in average) compared to meadows closer to the deep limit of distribution (45 % on average). In addition, soil accumulation rates and fine-grained sediment content (< 0.125 mm) in shallower meadows (2.0 mm yr−1 and 9 %, respectively) were approximately 2-fold higher than in deeper meadows (1.2 mm yr−1 and 5 %, respectively). The Corg stocks and accumulation rates accumulated over the last 500 years in bare sediments (0.6 kg Corg m−2 and 1.2 g Corg m−2 yr−1) were 3- to 11-fold lower than in P. sinuosa meadows, while fine-grained sediment content (1 %) and seagrass detritus contribution to the Corg pool (20 %) were 8- and 3-fold lower than in Posidonia meadows, respectively. The patterns found support the hypothesis that Corg storage in seagrass soils is influenced by interactions of biological (e.g., meadow productivity, cover and density), chemical (e.g., recalcitrance of Corg stocks) and physical (e.g., hydrodynamic energy and soil accumulation rates) factors within the meadow. We conclude that there is a need to improve global estimates of seagrass carbon storage accounting for biogeochemical factors driving variability within habitats.

scholarly journals CFD analysis of sludge accumulation and hydraulic performance of a waste stabilization pond

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2370-2377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Alvarado ◽  
Esteban Sanchez ◽  
Galo Durazno ◽  
Mehul Vesvikar ◽  
Ingmar Nopens
Keyword(s):  
Time Distribution ◽  
Tracer Experiment ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Cfd Analysis ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization Pond ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Rtd Analysis ◽  
Sludge Accumulation

Sludge management in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is essential for safeguarding the system performance. Sludge accumulation patterns in WSPs are strongly influenced by the pond hydrodynamics. CFD modeling was applied to study the relation between velocity profiles and sludge deposition during 10 years of operation of the Ucubamba WSP in Cuenca (Ecuador). One tracer experiment was performed and three sludge accumulation scenarios based on bathymetric surveys were simulated. A residence time distribution (RTD) analysis illustrated the decrease of residence times due to sludge deposition. Sludge accumulation rates were calculated. The influence of flow pattern on the sludge deposition was studied, enabling better planning of future pond operation and desludging.

Sludge accumulation in an anaerobic pond and viability of helminth eggs: a case study in Burkina Faso

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Konate ◽  
A. H. Maiga ◽  
J. Wethe ◽  
D. Basset ◽  
C. Casellas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Sludge Accumulation

Accumulation rates and pathogen concentrations in primary stabilization pond sludges in developing countries are important parameters for adequate sludge management and the safeguarding of public health with sludge reuse in agriculture. An anaerobic pond has been investigated for sludge accumulation rates and helminth egg viability after four years of operation in Burkina Faso. The rate of sludge accumulation was measured at 0.037 m3/capita-year or 2.26 kg dry weight/capita-year. An equation describing vertical distribution of total solids in the accumulated sludge was found to be adequately represented by a regression equation. Influent helminth egg concentrations were reduced on average by 90% in the anaerobic pond effluent. Ascaris lumbricoides and Ancylostoma sp. were the most common eggs present in the sludge after four years of operation. The average concentration of helminth eggs in pond sludge was 536 eggs/g TS, and the percentages of viability ranged from 10.8% (47 viable eggs/g TS) to 57.2 (1,772 viable eggs/g TS, with an average rate of 36% (336 viable eggs/g TS). From a sludge depth and section study, egg viability was found to be randomly distributed in the sludge layer.

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