Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Aflatoxin After Treatment with Sodium Hypochlorite, Sodium Hydroxide and Ammonium Hydroxide

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCES A. DRAUGHON ◽  
ERNEST A. CHILDS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Fluorometric Determination ◽  
Mutagenicity Test

Aflatoxin B1 was mixed with eleven concentrations of sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and ammonium hydroxide. Aflatoxin was quantitated by fluorometric determination and toxicity of aflatoxin treated with NaOH and NH4OH was evaluated by the brine shrimp assay. Detoxified aflatoxin B1 was then screened for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test). Sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and ammonium hydroxide reduced fluorescence by 92, 96, and 94%, respectively, at concentrations of 25, 11, and 875 mg per 50 g. A high negative correlation was observed between decrease in fluorescence and increase in survival of brine shrimp (r = 0.88) for aflatoxin treated with NaOH and NH4OH. Equivalent amounts of aflatoxin B1 (0.05 μg) and aflatoxin B1+ detoxified B1 (0.05 μg + 0.05 μg, respectively) were not significantly different (P>0.05) in the number of revertants resulting in the Ames test. Therefore, aflatoxin B1 in the presence of detoxified aflatoxin did not increase in mutagenicity.

The fate of aflatoxin in naturally contaminated corn during the ethanol fermentation

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 911-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Lillehoj ◽  
A. Lagoda ◽  
W. F. Maisch
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Ethanol Fermentation ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Toxin Degradation

Corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin was used as a substrate in the ethanol fermentation. Distribution of toxin in several process and recovery fractions was identified. Although little degradation of the mycotoxin occurred during fermentation, no toxin appeared in the distilled alcohol. As accumulation of toxin in spent grains represents a potential problem in use of the material as animal feed, several decontamination procedures were tested. Sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were identified as efficient agents of toxin degradation.

Comparison of Acrylamide and Agar Gels by Freeze-Etching

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Acid Cleaning ◽  
Agar Gels ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Water Cut

Thin sheets of acrylamide and agar gels of different concentrations were prepared and washed in distilled water, cut into pieces of appropriate size to fit into complementary freeze-etch specimen holders (1) and rapidly frozen. Freeze-etching was accomplished in a modified Denton DFE-2 freeze-etch unit on a DV-503 vacuum evaporator.* All samples were etched for 10 min. at -98°C then re-cooled to -150°C for deposition of Pt-C shadow- and C replica-films. Acrylamide gels were dissolved in Chlorox (5.251 sodium hypochlorite) containing 101 sodium hydroxide, whereas agar gels dissolved rapidly in the commonly used chromic acid cleaning solutions. Replicas were picked up on grids with thin Foimvar support films and stereo electron micrographs were obtained with a JEM-100 B electron microscope equipped with a 60° goniometer stage.Characteristic differences between gels of different concentrations (Figs. 1 and 2) were sufficiently pronounced to convince us that the structures observed are real and not the result of freezing artifacts.

Fluorometric Determination of Chlortetracycline in Mixed Feeds

1964 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Stanley E Katz ◽  
Joseph Spock
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Alkaline Degradation ◽  
Fluorometric Determination ◽  
Mixed Feeds ◽  
Microbiological Assays

Abstract The fluorometric procedure for chlortetracycline in mixed feeds is based upon the degradation of chlortetracycline in alkaline solution to isochlortetracycline. The fluorescence of the isochlortetracycline is directly proportional to the concentration of chlortetracycline present prior to alkaline degradation. Chlortetracycline is extracted from mixed feeds with an acidmethanol solvent system, separated from the feed extract by adsorption on a Dowex 50 ion exchange resin, and eluted from the resin by ammonium hydroxide after conversion to isochlortetracycline. The isochlortetracycline is measured fluorometrically. Recoveries from known feeds are generally greater than 90% and agreements with microbiological assays are very close.

Simplified Fluorometric Determination of Chlortetracycline in Mixed Feeds

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-950
Author(s):  
Stanley E Katz ◽  
Carol A Fassbender ◽  
Donald Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Microbiological Assay ◽  
Emission Wavelength ◽  
Fluorometric Determination ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract The procedure described is based upon the alkaline conversion of Chlortetracycline to the corresponding isochlortetracyclines. The isochlortetracyclines fluoresce with equivalent intensity at the same activation and emission wavelength. Direct dilution of feed with ammonium hydroxide to levels similar to microbiological assay concentrations, the use of a feed matrix to eliminate problems of fluorescence interference from feeds, and a sensitive optical system permit the simplified assay of feeds at levels as low as 25 g/ton. Agreement with the microbiological assay is good.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Ethyl-4'-(cyclopropane carboxamido-N-yl)-5-ary-3-oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-biphenyl-4-carboxylate

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
P.M. Akbari ◽  
V.R. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mass Data ◽  
Condensation Method ◽  
Cyclohexenone Derivatives

A series of new substituted cyclohexenone derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of various substituted chalcones with ethylacetoacetate. Some new N-(4-(3-aryl-acryloyl)phenyl)cyclopropane carboxamide were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method in presence of sodium hydroxide in ethanol solvent under stirring. The synthesized compounds were characterized by their spectral (IR, NMR, Mass) data and screened for their antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by using standard antimicrobial drugs.

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