Growth and Synthesis of Aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasificus in the Presence of Ginseng Products

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAERIM BAHK ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Ginseng Saponin ◽  
White Ginseng

Red ginseng saponin (0.36%) inhibited mycelial growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasificus during 9 d at 28°C. The mold caused no change in pH of the medium when it contained red ginseng saponin or ginseng tea (9%). Most ginseng products permitted mycelial growth and production of aflatoxin B1, but inhibited production of aflatoxin G1. However, when compared to the control, aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was reduced by the presence in the medium of most of the ginseng products that were tested, Ginseng tea (9%) resulted in a higher index of maximum accumulation of aflatoxins per interval of mold growth than occurred in the control. Red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng for inhibiting mold growth and aflatoxin production.

Effects of Potassium Sorbate on Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus1

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 940-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Mycelial Mass ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Growth and aflatoxin production by selected strains of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in the presence of potassium sorbate at 12°C were studied. Potassium sorbate at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% delayed or prevented spore germination and initiation of growth, and slowed growth of these organisms in yeast-extract sucrose broth at 12°C. Increasing concentrations of sorbate caused more variation in the amount of total mycelial growth and generally resulted in a decrease in total mycelial mass. Potassium sorbate also greatly reduced or prevented production of aflatoxin B1 by A. parasiticus and A. flavus for up to 70 d at 12°C. At 0.10 and 0.15% of sorbate, aflatoxin production was essentially eliminated. A 0.05% sorbate, aflatoxin production was greatly decreased in A. flavus over the control, but only slightly decreased in A. parasiticus.

Potential Mold Growth, Aflatoxin Production, and Antimycotic Activity of Selected Natural Spices and Herbs

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 955-960
Author(s):  
Gerald C Llewellyn ◽  
Mary Lee Burkett ◽  
Thomas Eadie
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Antimycotic Activity ◽  
Celery Seed ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Abstract Ground spices and herbs are evaluated as substrates for mycelial growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production. Three toxigenic strains of Aspergilli, A. flavus ATCC 15548, A. flavus NRRL 3251, and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, were cultured on moist, commercially packaged herbs and spices. All substrates used were ground and included thyme, celery seed, oregano, cinnamon, ginger, caraway seed, clove, mustard, sesame seed, and rosemary leaves. Following inoculation of the natural materials in sterile bottles containing sterile water, the cultures were incubated 30 days at 23 ± 4°C. Not all strains of Aspergilli grew, sporulated, or produced toxins. There were definite strain differences and definite substrate differences for the variables evaluated. Sesame seed produced toxins B1, G1, and G2, with a mean of 167 ppm for 3 strains. A. flavus ATCC 15548 was the greatest overall toxin producer followed by A. partsiticus NRRL 2999 and A. flavus NRRL 3251. Ginger and rosemary leaves were also substantial producer-substrates. Mustard, caraway seed, and celery seed were judged as intermediate-producing substrates. Absolute antimycotic substrates were cinnamon and clove. Antiaflatoxigenic substrates were thyme and oregano. Mustard also may be antimycotic. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were the more commonly found toxins

Susceptibility of Strawberries, Blackberries, and Cherries to Aspergillus Mold Growth and Aflatoxin Production

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald C Llewellyn ◽  
Thomas Eadie ◽  
William V Dashek
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract The susceptibility of blackberries, cherries, and strawberries to Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production has been examined. Three aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus, A. flavus ATCC 15548 and NRRL 3251 as well as A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, were cultured on homogenates of the fruits for 14 days at 28 ± 2°C. Percent mycelial growth and spore infestation were determined each day with a calibrated grid. At day 14 each culture was frozen at –5°C until aflatoxins were extracted with methylene chloride and water. Aflatoxins were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with benzene-methanol-acetic acid (90 + 5 + 5). This extraction and solvent system provided satisfactory separations of the aflatoxins and was free of background interference on the TLC plates. Although all fruits served as substrates for both Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production, cherries appeared to be a more favorable substrate than did blackberries, and the latter was more favorable than strawberries. Whereas A. flavus produced both B1 and G1 on all substrates, it yielded B2 and G2 only on cherries. Although A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 synthesized B1, B2, G1, and G2 on both blackberries and cherries, no aflatoxins were detected on strawberries. In contrast, A. flavus NRRL 3251 failed to produce detectable levels of aflatoxin on any substrate. All substrates supported both mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation with cherries > blackberries > strawberries.

Inhibition of Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergillus flavus by Lactobacillus Species†

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
HASSAN GOURAMA ◽  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Lactobacillus Species ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
Supernatant Liquid ◽  
Mold Spore

A mixture of Lactobacillus species from a commercial silage inoculum reduced mold growth and inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus subsp. parasiticus. Actively growing Lactobacillus spp. cells totally inhibited germination of mold spores. Culture supernatant broth from the mixture of strains inhibited mold growth but did not destroy mold spore viability. Some mold spores were observed microscopically to have germinated and produced short nonbranching germ tubes; then growth ceased. While the pH of the culture broth and supernatant were about 4.0, acidification of nonfermented broth to pH 4.0 with HCl and lactic acid did not cause a similar inhibition of spore germination. The mixture of Lactobacillus species growing in a dialysis sack inhibited aflatoxin production by the A. flavus culture growing outside of the sack in broth, whereas mold growth was not affected. The pH values outside of the dialysis sack in the control and the treatments were similar (6 to 7) throughout the incubation period. When a dialysis sack with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 1,000 was used, there was little inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production, but with MWCOs of 6,000 to 8,000 and 12,000 to 14,000 aflatoxin production was greatly inhibited. In mixed culture experiments, levels of aflatoxin B1 and G1 were depressed compared to the control (monoculture). Mold growth in this case was also reduced compared to the monoculture system. Purified isolates of Lactobacillus from the commercial mixture had a slight effect on mold growth and aflatoxin production, but supernatant liquid of one isolate was quite inhibitory to production of aflatoxins B1 and G1, without affecting mold growth.

Effect of Water Activity and Temperature on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. NORTHOLT ◽  
C. A. H. VERHULSDONK ◽  
P. S S. SOENTORO ◽  
W. E. PAULSCH
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Strong Inhibition ◽  
Submerged Cultures ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Agar Media

The effect of water activity (aw) on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was determined using submerged cultures in which the aw was adjusted by addition of glycerine, glucose, or a mixture of salts. At a sub-optimal aw aflatoxin production was low in the glycerol and glucose media while no strong inhibition of mycelial growth occurred. A similar effect was obtained in surface cultures on agar media in which the aw was adjusted by addition of glycerine or sucrose. The effect of a sub-optimal temperature was the reverse; compared to inhibition of mycelial growth in surface cultures, the effect on aflatoxin production was slight. No detectable quantities of aflatoxin B1 were formed at 0.83 aw and at 10 C nor at four combinations of higher aw and temperature. The aw was measured by a recently developed device using the dewpoint principle.

Effects of Phosphate Solutions on Aflatoxin Production in a Synthetic Medium and in Frankfurters†

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KOTINEK MARSH ◽  
D. J. MYERS ◽  
H. M. STAHR
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Sodium Polyphosphate ◽  
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Phosphate Solutions ◽  
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate

Mold growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin B1 and G1 production were studied in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and frankfurters inoculated with Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. Each of four phosphates, sodium polyphosphate glassy (SPG), sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), and Brifisol 414 (a blend of SPG, SAPP, and TSPP) were incorporated into the SDA (1 or 2%) or used as dipping solutions (5%) for the frankfurters. In SDA at 30°C, significant (P < 0.05) reductions in aflatoxin B1 and G1 production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus occurred when 1% SPG, 1% TSPP, 1% Brifisol 414, and 2% SAPP were present. In frankfurters, A. flavus B1 aflatoxin production was increased with SAPP and TSPP.

Inhibition of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi by Welsh Onion Extracts

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. FAN ◽  
J. H. CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Welsh Onion ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Welsh onion ethanol extracts were tested for their inhibitory activity against the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The survival of spores of A. flavus and A. parasiticus depended on both the extract concentration and the exposure time of the spores to the Welsh onion extracts. The mycelial growth of two tested fungi cultured on yeast extract–sucrose broth was completely inhibited in the presence of the Welsh onion ethanol extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml during 30 days of incubation at 25°C. The extracts added to the cultures also inhibited aflatoxin production at a concentration of 10 mg/ml or permitted only a small amount of aflatoxin production with extract concentration of 5 mg/ml after 2 weeks of incubation. Welsh onion ethanol extracts showed more pronounced inhibitory effects against the two tested aflatoxin-producing fungi than did the same added levels of the preservatives sorbate and propionate at pH values near 6.5.

scholarly journals Red Ginseng Saponin Fraction A Isolated from Korean Red Ginseng by Ultrafiltration on the Porcine Coronary Artery

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Hyun Jung ◽  
Kwang-Yeol Park ◽  
Jin-Hong Jeon ◽  
Yi-Seong Kwak ◽  
Yong-Bum Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Korean Red Ginseng ◽  
Porcine Coronary Artery ◽  
Ginseng Saponin ◽  
Saponin Fraction

Inhibition of Mold Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Lactobacillus spp1

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANJANI KARUNARATNE ◽  
ELENORA WEZENBERG ◽  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Ph Effect ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Microbial Competition ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Silage Inoculant

The effect of three individual species of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, and L. plantarum) and a commercial silage inoculant, containing three different strains of the same species, on growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus subsp. parasiticus NRRL 2999 was determined. The study was done in three substrates; a liquid semi-synthetic broth, rice, and corn. The effect of the growing cell masses of the lactobacilli as well as the effect of metabolic products contained in cell free filtrates were determined in the liquid medium. The cells were effective in preventing growth of the mold, and bacterial metabolites were effective in reducing the amount of aflatoxin produced, although growth was not affected. The prevention of growth that was observed was determined to be relative to a pH effect and microbial competition; however, the lower levels of aflatoxin obtained in the presence of cell free supernatant culture fluids could not be explained on the basis of pH or competition. Mold growth was not affected by the presence of the silage inoculant on the rice and corn. However, increased levels of aflatoxin B1 were observed in the presence of the silage inoculant on rice, and decreased levels of aflatoxin G1 were observed on the presence of the silage inoculant on corn.

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