Effects of Processing Equipment on Howard Mold and Rot Fragment Counts of Tomato Catsup

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH BANDLER ◽  
PARIS M. BRICKEY ◽  
STANLEY M. CICHOWICZ ◽  
JOHN S. GECAN ◽  
PHILIP B. MISLIVEC
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pilot Plant Study

Two studies were done to determine the effects of processing equipment on Howard mold and rot fragment counts of tomato catsup. In a pilot plant study in 1980, batches of catsup with known cut-out rot levels were produced and processed through various types of comminution equipment. Urschel and Fitzpatrick mills and homogenizers at 500 to 700 and 1500 to 2000 psi increased mold counts more than twofold over the range of data obtained. Contrary to previous reports, Urschel mills increased rot counts significantly. A nationwide survey was conducted in 1983 to determine if similar effects would be found with well-characterized commercial products. Data were obtained on inline and finished products from 164 lots of catsup produced at 16 plants located across the country. Urschel and Fitzpatrick mills tended to increase mold counts over twofold and caused a slight increase in rot counts. High pressure homogenizers (≥2000 psi) tended to decrease mold counts; low pressure homogenizers (<2000 psi) increased them. Homogenization at any pressure reduced rot counts dramatically. Although mold counts were highest for catsup produced in the eastern United States and lowest for catsup produced in the West, milling and low pressure homogenization were also most prevalent in the East and least prevalent in the West. When the effects of these types of comminution were removed, the difference between regions diminished. Compared with the norm, rainfall levels for the growing regions involved in this survey were fairly typical.

The Origins of Western Dermatology

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
J. Barrie Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Defining Moments ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

Objective: On the premise that historical background makes the present more understandable, this review covers the origins of Western dermatology from its Greek and Roman origins through the Middle Ages to the defining moments in the late eighteenth century. Background and Conclusion: The development of major European centers at this time became the background for future centers in the eastern United States in the midnineteenth century and, finally, to the West Coast of the United States and Canada by the midtwentieth century.

TICK PARALYSIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-180
Author(s):  
CAROLYN MOORE MCCUE ◽  
J. B. STONE ◽  
LEE E. SUTTON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Neurologic Manifestations ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Alternative Diagnosis ◽  
Tick Paralysis

The three cases of tick paralysis occurring in Virginia in the last two years are presented. One of these cases required the respirator. In this case the tick was identified as Dermacentor variabilis Say. Only ten other cases of tick paralysis have been reported in the eastern United States. A summary of the findings of these cases is charted. Three recent cases in the west, also charted, showed only one case needing a respirator. A brief review of the epidemiology, symptoms, signs and treatment of tick paralysis is given. The seriousness of tick paralysis, if the tick is not found and removed, and the usual dramatic recovery after removal make it extremely important to consider this condition in any case showing such neurologic manifestations as those presented in this report. During an epidemic of poliomyelitis, tick paralysis should always be kept in mind as a possible alternative diagnosis.

A comparison of earthquake damage areas as a function of magnitude across the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1064-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bollinger ◽  
M. C. Chapman ◽  
M. S. Sibol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the size of damage areas in the eastern and western United States. To quantify damage area as a function of moment magnitude (M), 149 MMI VI and VII areas for 109 earthquakes (88 in the western United States, 21 in the eastern United States and Canada) were measured. Regression of isoseismal areas versus M indicated that areas in the East were larger than those in the West, at both intensity levels, by an average 5 × in the M 4.5 to 7.5 range. In terms of radii for circles of equivalent area, these results indicate that damaging ground motion from shocks of the same magnitude extend 2 × the epicentral distance in eastern North America compared to the West. To determine source and site parameters consistent with the above results, response spectral levels for eastern North America were stochastically simulated and compared with response spectral ordinates derived from recorded strong ground motion data in the western United States. Stress-drop values of 200 bars, combined with a surficial 2-km-thick low velocity “sedimentary” layer over rock basement, produced results that are compatible with the intensity observations, i.e., similar response spectral levels in the east at approximately twice their epicentral distance in the western U.S. distance. These results suggest that ground motion modeling in eastern North America may need to incorporate source and site parameters different from those presently in general use. The results are also of importance to eastern U.S. hazard assessments as they require allowance for the larger damage areas in preparedness and mitigation programs.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Trends in PM2.5Organic and Elemental Carbon across the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hand ◽  
B. A. Schichtel ◽  
W. C. Malm ◽  
N. H. Frank
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Urban Impacts ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Trends

The rural/remote IMPROVE network (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) and the Environmental Protection Agency's urban Chemical Speciation Network have measured PM2.5organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) since 1989 and 2000, respectively. We aggregated OC and EC data from 2007 to 2010 at over 300 sites from both networks in order to characterize the spatial and seasonal patterns in rural and urban carbonaceous aerosols. The spatial extent of OC and EC was more regional in the eastern United States relative to more localized concentrations in the West. The highest urban impacts of OC and EC relative to background concentrations occurred in the West during fall and winter. Urban and rural carbonaceous aerosols experienced a large (although opposite) range in seasonality in the West compared to a much lower seasonal variability in the East. Long-term (1990–2010) trend analyses indicated a widespread decrease in rural TC (TC = OC + EC) across the country, with positive, though insignificant, trends in the summer and fall in the West. Short-term trends indicated that urban and rural TC concentrations have both decreased since 2000, with the strongest and more spatially homogeneous urban and rural trends in the West relative to the East.

The distribution of beryllium-7 within high-pressure systems in the eastern United States

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 637-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
George T. Wolff ◽  
Martin A. Ferman ◽  
Paul R. Monson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Eastern United States

China’s discourse power: instruments and strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Mariia A. Kobzeva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The West ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
International Discourse ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Difference

Today China actively participates in shaping the international political agenda, norms, and rules for interaction between states. This activity is a part of the PRC's policy to strengthen its international discourse power. Despite the fact that there are many studies of China's propaganda politics, discourse power remains outside the focus of researchers both in Russian and English-speaking communities. The term has varying interpretations and translations in non-Chinese academic literature. In this regard, the article examines the meaning of this term and answers questions – how, why, and for what purpose does the PRC implement its discourse power. The article analyzes research literature and documents in Russian, English, and Chinese languages regarding the discourse power, the origin, and the development of the term in Chinese discourse, and using it as a political task. The article studies the main departments and organizations responsible for the formation of the discourse power, as well as tools and mechanisms for its implementation. The author identifies “soft” and “hard” variants of China's discourse power, explains the difference in their goals and methods via giving examples from the PRC's foreign policy. The author concludes that the need for discourse power, which combines various methods of China's policy, is due to the acute internal political struggle, and the country's new ambitions in the international arena. The development of discourse power as a political phenomenon is fueled by the ideas of opposition to the “West”. In this regard, discourse power is becoming one of the most important counterweapons in competition between China and the United States.  

The Choice Between High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Steam Power in America in the Early Nineteenth Century

1981 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harlan I. Halsey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Eastern Seaboard

In the early nineteenth century, five versions of stationary steam engines were in widespread use. In America, the high-pressure engine was dominant in the West, but on the eastern seaboard the low-pressure engine was viable. In Britain, the low-pressure engine was overwhelmingly dominant. Here we analyze the evidence on cost and performance of high- and low-pressure engines, and show that fuel-price and interest-rate differentials were sufficient to explain the distribution of steam engine types in America.

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